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Viruses
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- Viruses are responsible for a wide range of diseases, including the common cold, measles, chicken pox, genital herpes, and influenza. Many of the emerging infectious diseases, such as AIDS and SARS, are caused by viruses.
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Jan 11, 2022 · To cause disease, a pathogen must successfully achieve four steps or stages of pathogenesis: exposure (contact), adhesion (colonization), invasion, and infection.
- Detection and Control of Outbreaks
- Immunization
- Infectious Disease Transmission
- Preventing Transmission of Infectious Disease
- Problems Associated with Health Care
- Summary
More often than not, cases of notifiable diseases are sporadic, meaning that that they are not part of a larger transmission event. Nonetheless, clinicians play an important role in recognizingClinicians are often in the best position to recognize an OUTBREAK of disease (see the Definitions box). They may see an high number of people with the same ...
Immunization plays a critical role in the long-term control of many diseases. Broadly speaking, there are two types of immunization; passive and active. Passive immunization increases the body’s resistance to illness via antibodies. Antibodies are initially passed from mothers to their children during pregnancy when they cross the placental barrier...
Our environment is full of microbes – fungi, protozoa, bacteria and viruses – that can infect us and cause disease. All that is needed is a source of infection, a mode of transmission and a susceptible person with a portal of entry into the body. The microbes that cause infectious disease are found the soil, air, water and food – as are the causes ...
Prevention of infectious disease transmission starts with the epidemiological triad – the agent-host-environment described in Chapter 2. Interventions include: Agent 1. Destruction or weakening of the agent outside the body (e.g., by cleansers, incineration) 2. Destruction or weakening of the agent inside the body (e.g., use of appropriate antibiot...
Nosocomial infections
Hospitals and other health care settings are gathering points for large numbers of people whose immune systems are compromised by stress, illness and medications. These people are often in close contact with health care workers who are also caring for other ill people. Invasive procedures, such the insertion of catheters and cannulas or surgical operations provide additional portals of entry into the body. For microbes, this is an opportunity to reproduce easily and exchange the latest plasmi...
Antimicrobial resistance
Microbes can rapidly develop resistance to threats; this became evident as antimicrobials came into use in the 1920s and 1930s. Until about the 1970s, pharmaceutical science was able to keep ahead by developing new antimicrobials that bypassed resistance. But the development of antimicrobials effective against resistant strains is now slowing so that antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide problem. Several factors encourage the growth of antimicrobial resistance: 1. Inappropriate use:...
We are surrounded by microbes that are fully capable of evolving ways to escape our interventions. Public health counteracts outbreaks in the population using surveillance to detect them and by implementing the steps of outbreak control. Vaccination is one of the best ways of controlling and, in some cases, even eliminating vaccine-preventable dise...
Dec 7, 2023 · A vector is an organism that carries and transmits the infectious agent from one host to another. Common vectors include mosquitos, ticks, and rodents. Understanding how a virus or infection is transmitted through vectors is vital in preventing its spread.
Dec 7, 2023 · During the infection cycle, the pathogen can spread within the host organism through various means, such as through the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or nerve pathways. This enables the pathogen to reach other areas of the body and potentially infect new tissues or organs.
There are five major categories of infectious agents: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. Viruses are tiny, ranging in size from about 20 to 400 nanometers in diameter (see page 9). Billions can fit on the head of a pin.
- Madeline Drexler
- 2010
- 2010
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Most of these diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another.
For example, lactobacilli are common in the intestines of people with a high intake of dairy products; Haemophilus influenzae colonizes the tracheobronchial tree in patients with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
