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  1. In this article, I discuss the issues of defining the term “emotion” and types of emotion, emotion-cognition interactions, emotions and consciousness, relations among types of emotions and types of consciousness, and note some remarkable gains and losses from the evolution of emotions and multiple levels consciousness.

  2. We have a general theory of emotion, for example, that specifies the various kinds of perceptions and thoughts necessary to elicit each of twenty-two common emotions (Ortony, Clore, & Collins, 1988). Thus, fear is displeasure at the prospect of an undesirable outcome, shame is disapproval of a blameworthy action of one’s own, anger is a ...

    • Psychodynamic theories. Sigmund Freud laid the foundation for psychodynamic personality theories with his proposal of the id, the ego, and the superego.
    • Trait theories. Trait theory is one of the most popular types of personality theories. It proposes that people’s personalities vary according to which basic personality traits are more dominant.
    • Humanistic theories. The humanistic approach to theories of personality involves understanding not only behavior and thought patterns, but also what someone believes gives their life meaning.
    • Social cognitive theories. Social cognitive theories of personality include several schools of thought like behaviorism, social learning theory, and expectancy-value theory.
  3. Another reason why repression may be considered a relevant topic for research in this field is that the tendency to avoid expressing negative emotions (also labeled ‘repressive coping style’) is known to distort the assessment of a patient’s distress.

  4. emotions occur if an event is evaluated as motive-congruent, whereas hedonically negative. (experientially unpleasant) emotions occur if an event is evaluated as motive-incongruent. The further distinctions between emotions depend, first, on the kind of evaluation made, for.

  5. In accordance with this conclusion, (1) most classical personality theorists proposed an affective (or affective–motivational) system as a core system of the mind (see, e.g., Shand, 1914; Murray, 1938), and emotions also play a prominent role in recent theories of personality (e.g., Mischel & Shoda, 1995).

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  7. Feb 1, 2020 · Personality, specifically neuroticism, predicts how susceptible we are to experiencing negative emotions, whereas negative emotions can, in turn, bias self-rated personality.

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