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Other details and charts in the reading are there to help you understand this central information Goal: Know all of the symbols and descriptions for the vowels in Figure 2.11 (CL p 42) We will describe vowels using the following four. phonetic properties: height. backness. rounding. tense/lax.
l Duncan, New York University, dad463@nyu.eduIntroduction: The vowel /æ/ is widely studied as a socio. nguistic variable in American English (AmE). Several dialects have both the lax [æ] allophone and an allophone [ɛə] that is described as raised and tens. , even though the vowel is historically lax. This is noteworthy because phonotactic ...
- How do we describe vowels?
- Tongue position
- Lip rounding
- Tense and lax vowels
- Simple vowels, glided vowels, and diphthongs
- The vowel /ɚ /
- “Invisible /y/”
- Vowel length
- What affects vowel duration?
- My friend should have called me.
- Vowels in unstressed syllables
- Vowels and consonants: A blurry line
- Sources of learner problems with vowels
- Sagittal section diagrams for English vowels
Vowels are sounds in which the air stream moves up from the lungs and through the vocal tract very smoothly; there’s nothing blocking or constricting it. The first sounds in the words extra, only, and apple are vowels. In general, every syllable has a vowel sound (although, as we saw in the last chapter, the consonants /n/, /l/, and /r/ can somet...
The way we move and shape our tongue plays a big part in giving each vowel its own sound. When you pronounce a vowel, even a small change in the position of your tongue can make a big difference in how the vowel sounds. When we talk about tongue position, we mean: Where is the highest, tensest, or most active part of the tongue? The way we descri...
Vowel sounds are also affected by the shape of the lips—whether they’re very rounded, just a little rounded, relaxed, or stretched a bit wide. In English, the back vowels, /uw/, /ᴜ/, /ow/, and /ɔ/, are pronounced with varying degrees of lip rounding, and /r/ also has a little lip rounding, whether it’s used as a consonant (/r/) or a vowel (/ɚ/). ...
We can also divide vowels into two categories called tense and lax vowels. This is a distinction that separates pairs of vowels like those in sheep (/iy/) and ship (/ɪ/), late (/ey/) and let (/ɛ/), fool (/uw/) and full (/ᴜ/). We traditionally think of these as being a difference in the tension or tightness of the muscles of the tongue or lips while...
Finally, we can classify vowels based on how much tongue movement there is during the vowel. For example, when we say /æ/ as in bad, the tongue position and quality of the vowel stay constant throughout the sound, even if we continue to say the vowel for a long time. We call this type of vowel a simple vowel or a pure vowel. Other vowels have a sm...
There is one more vowel-like sound in English: /ɚ/. This is the sound in words like bird, first, and her. In many textbooks this sound is analyzed as a combination of a vowel plus a consonant, and represented by the symbols /ər/, /ɜr/, /ər/, or /ɜr/. In others, it’s represented by a single symbol, /ɚ/. Whichever symbols we use, this sound is best t...
Learners sometimes have trouble knowing how to pronounce words spelled with the vowel letters u, ue, eu, ew, or ui. In American English, these letters sometimes represent the sound /uw/, as in the words suit (/suwt/) or true (/truw/), and sometimes /yuw/, as in the words music (/myuwzɪk/), computer (/kəmpyuwtɚ/), and pew (/pyuw/). In some words spe...
We often hear about “long vowels” and “short vowels.” When people call vowels “long” or “short,” they do not mean that the sounds are identical except for length. We don’t want students to think that the only difference between the vowel pairs /iy/ and /ɪ/, /ey/ and /ɛ/, or /uw/ and /ᴜ/ is that one is longer in duration and the other is shorter. Ma...
As it happens, the time duration of any vowel sound varies a lot. All vowel sounds tend to be longer in some environments and shorter in others. Here are two important principles that affect the time duration of vowels: The following sound: The duration of a vowel depends a lot on the sound that comes after it. Vowel sounds are usually shorter in d...
The words friend and called are stressed more than the others, and so they last longer. The words my, should, have, and me are unstressed, and so they are very short. The words last different lengths of time, even though they each have one syllable. What do students need to know about vowel length? From a teaching perspective, there are three poi...
Words can be divided into syllables—rhythmic units of sound that each get one “beat.” In a word with more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed, or emphasized. Other syllables are unstressed. In English, vowels in unstressed syllables are often different from those in stressed syllables. They become weaker, quicker, and less clear tha...
In looking at vowels and consonants, we’ve seen something surprising: The differences between vowels and consonants are not as clear-cut as we might imagine, and some sounds can have qualities of both. For example, we’ve seen that a few consonants (/n/, /r/, and /l/) can also be used as the “heart” of syllables when they become vowel-like syllabic ...
New sounds: English has more vowel sounds than many other languages. In fact, the average number of vowels in the languages of the world is five or six. English has more than twice that number! Vowels that are found in English but not in the learner’s language are often challenging since the learner’s tongue and lips need to get used to moving int...
/ɔ/ (bought) /ɑ/ (box) /ay/ (by) /oy/ (boy) /aw/ (cow)
Values of phonetic symbols are defined in terms of a variety of primarily articulatorily defined phonetic dimensions as in (2). A diphthong is a sequence of vowel-like elements – vowels and glides – in one syllable. The three most important properties for defining vowels are height, backness, and roundness.
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Only tense vowels can appear in short words (consisting of only one syllable and with no consonant at the end): ‘see’ [si], *[sɪ], ‘say’ [se], [sɛ]. Front Central Back High Tense i beet u boot High Lax ɪ bit ʊ foot Mid Tense e bait o boat Mid Lax ɛ bet ʌ but ɔ caught Low æ bat a cot And here are the French vowels. This set does ...
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Apr 16, 2018 · the end. Open syllables: those without a consonant at the end. Definitions: Tense vowels: are those that occur in stressed open. syllables such as: [b i, beɪ, bɑ, sɔ, ləʊ, bu, baɪ, baʊ ...
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only if they end in a consonant I, E, U, !, Q, ¥Also lax : weak vowels like « ¥Examples : ÔbitÕ, ÔbetÕ, ÔputÕ, ÔbutÕ , ÔbatÕ ÐNo easy examples of these vowels at ends of 1-syllable English words ¥Try to think of some 7 Duration patterns tense and lax vowels ¥Tense vowels are longer than lax vowels of the same general height class
