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Jun 5, 2023 · MAC (Media Access Control) addresses play a crucial role in computer networking. They are unique identifiers assigned to network interfaces, such as Ethernet cards or Wi-Fi adapters. This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of MAC addresses and their significance in networking.
May 30, 2016 · This work presents several novel techniques to track (unassociated) mobile devices by abusing features of the Wi-Fi standard, and shows that using random MAC addresses, on its own, does not guarantee privacy.
SUMMARY and CONCLUSION. Prompted by the proliferation of randomly generated locally administered MAC addresses used by popular consumer devices, this paper looks at the likelihood of MAC address conflict when large number randomized MAC addresses are introduced into a system.
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- 2.1 MAC Address Randomization
- 3. PROBE REQUEST FINGERPRINTING
- 3.1.2 Anonymity sets
- 3.3 SSID fingerprint
- 4. IDENTIFIER-FREE TRACKING
- 4.2 Tracking Algorithm
- f ngerprint(p) M[f]:append(p)
- // Extend list D with S
- 4.3 Evaluation
- 5. PREDICTABLE SCRAMBLER SEEDS
- 5.2 Analysis
- 1 + DL(SL(x); y)
- 6. FAKE ACCESS POINTS ATTACKS
- 6.1 Reviving the Karma Attack
- 8. CONCLUSION
- 9. ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS
To prevent third parties from using the MAC address to track devices, several vendors have implemented MAC ad-dress randomization. This follows the suggestion of Gruteser et al. [25] to use disposable interface identi ers in order to improve users' privacy. In practice, this implies that probe requests no longer use the real MAC address of the devi...
In this section, we study how much identifying informa-tion can be found in probe requests besides MAC addresses, timing, and sequence numbers. In particular, we study the data carried in the frame body of probe requests, and show that it can be used to ngerprint and identify devices.
To further study the impact of those IEs, we evaluate the usefulness of the IEs as a device identi er. For each IE ngerprint, we form a set of all the devices sharing this ngerprint (called an anonymity set) and compute the size of this set. Figure 3 shows the distribution of the set sizes. The three datasets exhibit a similar distribution. First, ...
Probe requests include a Service Set Identi er (SSID) el-ement, which is used to specify a network searched by the device. We show that the SSID ngerprint, i.e., the list of SSIDs searched by a device, can be a unique identi er. De-vices including this element send multiple probe requests to cover all the SSIDs in their preferred network list (one ...
In this section, we present an algorithm to track devices even if MAC address randomization is used. That is, we as-sume no unique identi ers are available. Our algorithm rst clusters probe requests by their Information Element (IE) ngerprint, and then distinguishes devices in each cluster by relying on predictable sequence numbers.
Our algorithm works in two phases. First it uses the IE ngerprint to group probes requests into clusters. Then, it relies on predictable sequence numbers to distinguish probe requests sent from di erent devices within one cluster. If successful, each nal cluster corresponds to a unique device. The full algorithm is shown in Algorithm 2. Its input i...
// Calculate IE fingerprint // Append probe to cluster
return D gerprint reset their sequence number. We get the following de nition for the distance between two sequence numbers:
We investigated the performance of our algorithm based on our real-world datasets. To control the number of concur-rent devices, and the duration that they are present, we rst ltered these datasets. To only simulate devices that remain in the tracked area for a given duration, we removed devices of which we lost too many consecutive probe requests....
In this section, we study the scrambler seeds of commodity Wi-Fi radios, and nd that all of them use predictable seeds. We show this can be used to improve our tracking algorithm.
We found that most devices do not reset the state of the scrambler at all. Put di erently, the state of the LFSR after transmitting a frame is reused as the seed of the next frame. We say these LFSRs are used in a free-wheeling mode, where the state is never explicitly initialized. Let end state denote the state of the LFSR after producing the last...
if x = y otherwise Recall that SL(x) represents the result of one LFSR shift on the state x. Hence, the shift distance is the number of shifts needed to reach the second state from the rst state. The shift distance allows us to report how many additional shifts a device performs before writing out the seed value into the SERVICE eld. If we state th...
In this Section we show how two service discovery mecha-nisms of Wi-Fi can be abused to gain identifying information on unassociated stations. This is accomplished by creating fake APs with speci c characteristics and identi ers.
Once a device has detected an AP advertising an SSID matching one of its preferred (con gured) networks, it will automatically initiate the association process with this AP. From this point on, most devices that implement MAC ad-dress randomization will use their real MAC address to con-nect with the AP. The only exception is Windows, which uses a ...
We study data contained in Wi-Fi probe requests, and demonstrate that they hold enough information to perform tracking, even if the MAC address is periodically random-ized. First, the list of information elements form a nger-print of a device. This ngerprint has enough entropy to identify a device or a small group of devices. We show that when comb...
This research is partially funded by the Research Fund KU Leuven and Region Rh^one-Alpes's ARC7. Mathy Van-hoef holds a Ph. D. fellowship of the Research Foundation -Flanders (FWO). This work used the FIT/CorteXlab facility (https://www.cortexlab.fr) for its measurement campaign.
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Device Identification: MAC addresses play a crucial role in identifying and differentiating devices on a network. Whether it’s a computer in a local area network (LAN) or a smart phone connecting to a Wi-Fi network, the MAC address helps routers and switches determine the destination of data packets. 3.
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Jan 1, 2022 · Recently, Wifi is one of the most useful technologies that can be used for detecting and counting MAC Address. This paper described using of WiFi scanner which carried out seven times...
