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- When New York's Elmira Reformatory opened in 1876, it rejected 19th century penology's holy trinity of silence, obedience and labor. Elmira's goal would be reform of the convict, and its methods would be psychological rather than physical. Instead of coercing with the lash, Elmira would encourage with rewards.
correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/docs2day/elmira.html
Still, the Elmira system was influential in prison reform. Two central ideas emerged from the Elmira system: differentiating between juvenile and adult offenders; and acknowledging the possibility of prisoner rehabilitation.
The Eastern New York Reformatory at Napanoch opened in 1900, receiving its inmates by transfer from Elmira. Napanoch, still in the building stage, needed construction workers, so Elmira sent on its older and stronger inmates.
Elmira Reformatory in upstate New York offered the most successful program of approaches since the eighteenth-century origins of American correctional education. Zebulon Reed Brockway, who established the Elmira prison program, served in prison reform for fifty years.
Elmira system, American penal system named after Elmira Reformatory, in New York. In 1876 Zebulon R. Brockway became an innovator in the reformatory movement by establishing Elmira Reformatory for young felons. Brockway was much influenced by the mark system, developed in Australia by Alexander.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
This reform was to be obtained through individualized treatment aimed at physical, intellectual, industrial, and moral training. Elmira was the first correctional institution of its kind in the country where the term of confinement depended upon the observable progress made by the prisoner.
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This institution was to be located in the city of Elmira and the name was to be the New York State Reformatory at Elmira. At that time, the State Comptroller was Lucius Robinson, an Elmirian who was in sympathy with these plans. He was influential in Albany and helped to procure the necessary funds. Mr.
