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the immediate, basic components of a sense experience. (-at the neural level) Perception. Organization of sensation components into a recognizable form, object, or event. Two main processes for what we perceive: bottom-up vs. top-down. Bottom-up. • Bottom-up: initiated by the stimulus input. - Sensation.
concerned with the structure and parts of the mind. functionalism. concerned with the functions of the mind. biological psychology. field of psychology that seeks to understand the interactions between anatomy and behavior. Understanding Psychology Chapter 1 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.
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A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form of a) token economy. b) biofeedback. c) higher-order conditioning. d) counterconditioning. e) programmed instruction. a) token economy. Define punishment and discuss why psychologists advise parents not to use punishment in disciplining their children.
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- Definition of Learning in Psychology
- 3 Types of Learning in Psychology
- History of the Psychology of Learning
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The psychology of learning focuses on a range of topics related to how people learn and interact with their environments.
Are you preparing for a big test in your psychology of learning class? Or are you just interested in a review of learning and behavioral psychology topics? This learning study guide offers a brief overview of some of the major learning issues including behaviorism, classical, and operant conditioning.
Let's learn a bit more about the psychology of learning.
Learning can be defined in many ways, but most psychologists would agree that it is a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. During the first half of the 20th century, the school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominate psychology and sought to explain the learning process. Behaviorism sought to measure only observable behaviors.
Overview of Behaviorism
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a learning process in which an association is made between a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. For example, in Pavlov's classic experiment, the smell of food was the naturally occurring stimulus that was paired with the previously neutral ringing of the bell. Once an association had been made between the two, the sound of the bell alone could lead to a response. For example, if you don't know how to swim and were to fall into a pool, you'd take actions to avoid the pool. How Classical Conditioning Works
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of a response occurring is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment. First studied by Edward Thorndike and later by B.F. Skinner, the underlying idea behind operant conditioning is that the consequences of our actions shape voluntary behavior. Skinner described how reinforcement could lead to increases in behaviors where punishment would result in decreases. He also found that the timing of when reinforcements were delivered influenced how quickly a behavior was learned and how strong the response would be. The timing and rate of reinforcement are known as schedules of reinforcement. For example, your child might learn to complete their homework because you reward them with treats and/or praise. How Operant Conditioning Works
Observational Learning
Observational learning is a process in which learning occurs through observing and imitating others. Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that in addition to learning through conditioning, people also learn through observing and imitating the actions of others. 1:42
One of the first thinkers to study how learning influences behavior was psychologist John B. Watson, who suggested in his seminal 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It that all behaviors are a result of the learning process. Psychology, the behaviorists believed, should be the scientific study of observable, measurable behavior. Watson's work included the famous Little Albert experiment in which he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat.
Behaviorism dominated psychology for much of the early 20th century. Although behavioral approaches remain important today, the latter part of the century was marked by the emergence of humanistic psychology, biological psychology, and cognitive psychology.
Other important figures in the psychology of learning include:
•Edward Thorndike
•Ivan Pavlov
•B.F. Skinner
The psychology of learning encompasses a vast body of research that generally focuses on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. As the field evolves, it continues to have important implications for explaining and motivating human behavior.
By Kendra Cherry, MSEd
Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."
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Operant conditioning is a fundamental concept in psychology. It describes the process where behavior changes depending on the consequences of the behavior (American Psychological Association, 2023). For example, if a behavior is rewarded (positively reinforced), the likelihood of it being repeated increases. And if it’s punished, the ...
