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- The Calvin cycle refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the Calvin Cycle is not directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light-dependent reactions.
Using the energy carriers formed in the first steps of photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, or the Calvin cycle, take in CO 2 from the environment. An enzyme, RuBisCO, catalyzes a reaction with CO 2 and another molecule, RuBP.
- The Light-Dependent Reactions
The overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions is to...
- Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes
The two parts of photosynthesis—the light-dependent...
- The Light-Dependent Reactions
- Calvin Cycle Definition
- Function of The Calvin Cycle
- Calvin Cycle Steps
- Calvin Cycle Products
- Related Biology Terms
- Quiz
The Calvin cycle is the cycle of chemical reactions performed by plants to “fix” carbon from CO2into three-carbon sugars. Later, plants and animals can turn these three-carbon compounds into amino acids, nucleotides, and more complex sugars such as starches. This process of “carbon fixation” is how most new organic matter is created. The sugars cre...
The function of the Calvin cycle is to create three-carbon sugars, which can then be used to build other sugars such as glucose, starch, and cellulose that is used by plants as a structural building material. The Calvin cycle takes molecules of carbon straight out of the air and turns them into plant matter. This makes the Calvin cycle vital for th...
Carbon Fixation
In carbon fixation, a CO2molecule from the atmosphere combines with a five-carbon acceptor molecule called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). The resulting six-carbon compound is then split into two molecules of the three-carbon compound, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase, also known as RuBisCO. Due to the key role it plays in photosynthesis, RuBisCo is probably the most abundant enzyme on Earth.
Reduction
In the second stage of the Calvin cycle, the 3-PGA molecules created through carbon fixation are converted into molecules of a simple sugar – glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate (G3P). This stage uses energy from ATP and NADPH created in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. In this way, the Calvin cycle becomes the way in which plants convert energy from sunlight into long-term storage molecules, such as sugars. The energy from the ATP and NADPH is transferred to the sugars. This step is c...
Regeneration
Some glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the five-carbon RuBP compound that is used to accept new carbon molecules. The regeneration process requires ATP. It is a complex process involving many steps. Because it takes six carbon molecules to make a glucose, this cycle must be repeated six times to make a single molecule of glucose. To accomplish this equation, five out of six glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate molecules that are created...
Each turn of the Calvin cycle “fixes” one molecule of carbon that can be used to make sugar. It takes three turns of the Calvin cycle to create one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate. After six turns of the Calvin cycle, two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate can be combined to make a glucose molecule. Each turn of the Calvin cycle also us...
Chloroplast– The organelle in plant cells where energy from sunlight is turned into ATP and sugar.Energy Pyramid– A diagram that illustrates the flow of energy through an ecosystem.Photosynthesis– The process by which living things capture energy from sunlight and use it to make fuel and organic materials to build their cells.1. Why is the Calvin cycle important to most ecosystems? A. It turns carbon dioxide from the air into carbon that living things can use to make sugars, proteins, nucleotides, and lipids. B. It stores energy from sunlight into the long-term storage form of sugar, which can be used by plants, or eaten by animals to form the basis for the food chain. ...
As it turns out, the atoms of carbon in your body were once part of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) molecules in the air. Carbon atoms end up in you, and in other life forms, thanks to the second stage of photosynthesis, known as the Calvin cycle (or the light-independent reactions).
- Yes, they can. For example, morning glories and Venus flytraps move. Some other plants also have reflexive movement, as in a response to being touc...
- Yes. Because the plant can no longer absorb more H2O through its root structure, the plant will use what water it has stored. The wilting occurs be...
- It gets added to the glucose molecule( C.6 H.12 O.6 )
- actually the O is in between of C-1 and P. when 2H are added by NADPH2 , the bond between C and P breaks. 1H is used to reduce C. other H togather...
- Not quite. It is true that you need to fix six CO2 molecules for each glucose molecule you produce, and you need 6 ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate to do...
- Sugar goes into plastids to be stored or being actively utilized for plant growth, flowering and seeds.
- No it does not. All the oxygen released comes from "splitting" of water by photosystem II during the light-dependent reactions. The "extra" oxygen...
- 3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 9 ATP + 5 H2O → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate) Taken from wikipedia...
- because three carbons bond with 3 RuBp to make 3 molecules. This splits into 6PG or 6 phosphoglycerate. 6 phosphoglycerate is changed into 6 biphso...
- One cycle takes in one CO2. Three cycles, after many smaller steps, creates six G3P (three-carbon); here, five goes back into the cycle, and only o...
Dec 24, 2022 · The Calvin cycle is not totally independent of light since it relies on ATP and NADH, which are products of the light-dependent reactions. The light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle can be organized into three basic stages: fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
Feb 2, 2023 · The pathway by which green plants and algae convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into food in the form of glucose is called the Calvin cycle. It is the second phase of photosynthesis that occurs after the light reaction. Since it occurs in the absence of light, it is also called the light-independent reaction.
The two parts of photosynthesis—the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle—have been described, as they take place in chloroplasts. However, prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles.
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Jun 21, 2024 · The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin cycle, takes place in the stroma, the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light- independent reaction.
