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Conclusion. Cilicia was a historically significant region with numerous ancient settlements that played crucial roles in trade, culture, and politics. Cities like Tarsus, Adana, Mopsuestia, Anazarbus, and Issus were key centers of activity, influenced by various civilizations over the centuries. The legacy of Cilician settlements is reflected ...
- Early History & The Hittites
- Under The Hittites
- The Sea Peoples & Assyrians
- The Persians & Alexander The Great
- The Cilician Pirates & Rome
- Roman Cilicia
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
From the earliest mention in historical records, Cilicia has been referenced as comprising two interconnected regions: a fertile plain and the rugged mountains. In the Roman period, these were known as Cilicia Pedias (“smooth Cilicia” of the plains toward the MediterraneanSea) and Cilicia Trachea (“rough Cilicia” of the foothills of the Taurus Moun...
Between 1500-1400 BCE, the Old Kingdom declined but a new Hittite political entity was then established which is now known as the New Kingdom or the Hittite Empire (1400-1200 BCE). Any semblance of an autonomous Cilicia vanished as it became a vassal state of the Hittites. The greatest Hittite king of this period was Suppiluliuma I(r. c. 1344-1322 ...
The identity of the Sea Peoples is still debated, and even the name they may have called themselves is unknown. “Sea Peoples” is a modern designation coined in c. 1881 by the French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero because ancient inscriptions describe them as coming “from the sea”. Various scholars have suggested they were Etruscans, Trojans, Myceneans...
Hilikku at this time asserted itself as an independent state governed by a monarch known as a syennesis which was either a throne name or title. The capital was established at Tarsus, and trade flourished between the region, now regularly referenced as “Cilicia” by the Greeks, and other countries. C. 547 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great invade...
The ships that plundered coastal cities and eventually disrupted trade are regularly referenced as manned by “Cilician pirates” but not all the pirates were native Cilicians. Hilikku's southern rocky coast offered a number of harbors and safe havens for pirates of any nationality and so Cilicia became closely associated with piracy. The rulers of b...
These two were both under Roman administration by 64 BCE although, as usual, Cilicia Aspera was largely left to itself. Under Julius Caesar, the province was reorganized in 47 BCE with different districting. It was joined to Syria as Syria-Cilicia Phoenice in 27 BCE, and the whole province, including Cilicia Aspera, was united under Vespasian in 72...
When the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, Cilicia continued as part of the eastern, or Byzantine, Empire. By this time, the two primary districts were known as Cilicia Prima and Cilicia Secunda (Cilicia One and Cilicia Two). The churches established by Saint Paul flourished and the Byzantine Empire championed Christianity against the emerging r...
- Joshua J. Mark
Cilicia (/ sɪˈlɪʃə /) [ 3 ][ note 1 ] is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Cilicia has a population ranging over six million, concentrated mostly at the Cilician plain (Turkish: Çukurova).
Topography. Map of Cilicia. Cilicia as a whole consists of two parts: the inaccessible western area of the Taurus mountains, also known as "rough Cilicia", and the eastern plains, which are dominated by the rivers Cydnus, Sarus and Pyramis and are rich in cereals. The Taurus is the region's northern border.
Claude Mutafian. Located outside of historic Armenia, the Kingdom of Cilicia (1198-1375), was the only Christian kingdom to survive for another hundred years in the Levant, after the Crusaders lost Jerusalem to the Muslims. In this WebTalk, Professor Claude Mutafian recounts the improbable birth of this Armenian kingdom on the Mediterranean and ...
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Middle Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն, Kiligio Hayoc’ T’akavorut’iun), also known as Cilician Armenia (Armenian: Կիլիկեան Հայաստան, Kilikyan Hayastan, or Հայկական Կիլիկիա, Haykakan Kilikia), Lesser Armenia, Little Armenia or New Armenia, [3] and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of ...
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The Cilician Gates are located in the Taurus Mountains and serve as a narrow pass that provides a route from the central plateau of Anatolia to the plains of Cilicia and the Mediterranean coast. The pass has been used for millennia by armies, traders, and travelers due to its strategic importance in connecting different regions of Asia Minor.
