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1. www.nature.com › articles › s42949/021/00022-0Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 ...

   www.nature.com › articles › s42949/021/00022-0

   Mar 25, 2021 · Specifically, tree canopy data were not available for the entire extent HOLC-defined neighborhoods in Boston, Denver, Detroit, New Haven, New York City, Seattle, and Toledo, which collectively ...

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2. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesCurrent street tree communities reflect race‐based housing ...

   ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   Dec 1, 2022 · We obtained polygons representing the spatial extent of the HOLC neighborhoods coded by their grade classifications (A, B, C, or D) from the Mapping Inequality Project (Nelson et al., 2019). To align with the city tree dataset, we included only the portion of HOLC‐defined neighborhoods entirely within present‐day Baltimore City.

   • DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3881
   • Published: 2023/02

   • Publication: Ecology. 2023 Feb; 104(2): e3881.

3. www.nature.com › articles › s42949/021/00022-0Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in

   www.nature.com › articles › s42949/021/00022-0

   80 years ago may relate to present-day tree canopy at the neighborhood level. Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and may improve quality of life in ...

   • Author: Dexter H. Locke, Billy Hall, J. Morgan Grove, Steward T. A. Pickett, Laura A. Ogden, Carissa Aoki, C...

   • Publish Year: 2021

4. esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi › 10Current street tree communities reflect race‐based housing ...

   esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com › doi › 10

   Oct 5, 2022 · Trees were spatially joined to hexes and hexes were spatially joined to their containing neighborhood polygon. Each street tree has a unique hex code and HOLC-defined neighborhood grade. Unidentified living trees (19) were included in the occupancy analysis and excluded from the diversity/composition analysis.

   • Cited By: 2
   • Volume: 104, Issue2

   • Published: 05 October 2022

5. link.springer.com › article › 10Associations Between Historical Redlining and Present-Day ...

   link.springer.com › article › 10

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   Jan 25, 2022 · Our results related to tree canopy are consistent with previous nation-wide analyses of associations between HOLC grades and tree canopy and greenspace density . HOLC grade ratings were based, in large part, on neighborhood sociodemographic composition, including race . Thus, the sociodemographic of neighborhoods that were in place before the ...

6. ncc-ccn.gc.ca › our-plans › tree-canopy-assessmentTree Canopy Assessment: Canada’s Capital Region

   ncc-ccn.gc.ca › our-plans › tree-canopy-assessment

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   A healthy and robust tree canopy is crucial to the sustainability and livability of our urban areas. Tree canopy is defined as the layer of tree leaves, branches and stems that cover the ground when viewed from above. A 2019 study mapped and measured the size of the extensive tree canopy in Canada’s Capital Region.

7. People also ask

   Are tree canopy data available for HOLC-defined neighborhoods?

   • Specifically, tree canopy data were not available for the entire extent HOLC-defined neighborhoods in Boston, Denver, Detroit, New Haven, New York City, Seattle, and Toledo, which collectively represent 4.67% of the total dataset’s observations.

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

   www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00022-0

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   How does the HOLC policy relate to present-day tree canopy?

   • To begin to address this gap, we investigated how the HOLC policy administered 80 years ago may relate to present-day tree canopy at the neighborhood level. Urban trees provide many ecosystem services, mitigate the urban heat island effect, and may improve quality of life in cities.

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

   www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00022-0

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   Does HOLC grade affect tree canopy?

   • There is a strong relationship between HOLC grades and tree canopy: areas formerly graded D have 21 percentage points less tree canopy than areas formerly graded A. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in tree canopy by HOLC grade [F (3, 3184) = 253.9, p < 0.001].

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

   www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00022-0

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   How many HOLC neighborhoods are there?

   • In total, there were 3188 HOLC-defined neighborhoods, from 37 cities, in 16 states from 11 sources (Table S2). Statistical analyses were conducted in R v. 3.6.1 85 using the tidyverse 86, simple features 87, ggpubr 88, lme4 89, sjPlot 90, and sjstats 91 packages. The dependent variable was the percentage of tree canopy cover within each HOLC zone.

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

   www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00022-0

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   How much tree canopy does a formerly graded area have?

   • Our analysis of 37 metropolitan areas here shows that areas formerly graded D, which were mostly inhabited by racial and ethnic minorities, have on average ~23% tree canopy cover today. Areas formerly graded A, characterized by U.S.-born white populations living in newer housing stock, had nearly twice as much tree canopy (~43%).

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

   www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00022-0

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   Which city-specific characteristics influence tree canopy cover?

   • In the second ANOVA, the independent variable was the city in which each neighborhood was located (hereafter Model 2). This analysis was conducted because we were concerned that unobserved city-specific characteristics pertaining to such things as land use policy, urban form, climate, and other factors may have influenced tree canopy cover.

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities

   www.nature.com/articles/s42949-021-00022-0

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8. ui.adsabs.harvard.edu › abs › 2021npjUSResidential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 ...

   ui.adsabs.harvard.edu › abs › 2021npjUS

   Residential housing segregation and urban tree canopy in 37 US Cities. Redlining was a racially discriminatory housing policy established by the federal government's Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930s. For decades, redlining limited access to homeownership and wealth creation among racial minorities, contributing to a host of ...