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      • Certain letters in Urdu cannot connect to the letter coming after them (i.e., the letter to their left) even if that letter is part of the same word. We shall refer to these letters as "terminal" (though, again, they do not necessarily terminate a word). Such letters are also sometimes referred to as "unfriendly" letters.
      en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Urdu/Urdu_Script
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  2. All letters in the Urdu script can be run into by the preceding letter. What we mean when we say that that these four letter families are “unfriendly” is that they do not connect to the letter that follows them.

  3. The letters in this lesson are called “breakers” because they break the cursive flow, even when they occur within a word. That is, none of these letters can be connected with a following letter (although they can be connected with a preceding letter).

  4. The form that an Urdu letter takes when it is attached to a preceding letter but not a following one.

  5. The Urdu script takes two approaches to vowels: in general, separate letters indicate long vowels such as ā, ī, and ū. Short vowels like a , i , and u , on the other hand, are typically not written, but are instead expected to be filled in by the reader.

  6. urdu words are divided into non-connectors and connectors. non-connectors do not join the letters that follow them in any word. connectors join both preceding and subsequent letters and take a shortened shape except when appearing at the end of a word.

  7. Click on a letter to find out more about its sounds, shapes, and connections.

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