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Oct 31, 2023 · Anaerobic Cellular Respiration. The production of energy requires oxygen. The electron transport chain, where the majority of ATP is formed, requires a large input of oxygen. However, many organisms have developed strategies to carry out metabolism without oxygen, or can switch from aerobic to anaerobic cell respiration when oxygen is scarce.
- 7.5: Metabolism without Oxygen
Figure 7.5.2 7.5. 2: Lactic acid fermentation is common in...
- 7.5: Metabolism without Oxygen
A new runner in the cellular relay. The researchers began their investigation into how cells can maintain mitochondrial function without oxygen by using mass spectrometry to measure the quantities of molecules called metabolites that are produced through cellular respiration in both normal and low-oxygen conditions.
- Definition
- Overview
- Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration
- Anaerobic Respiration Equations
- Examples of Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the type of respiration through which cells can break down sugars to generate energy in the absence of oxygen. This is in contrast to the highly efficient process of aerobic respiration, which relies on oxygen to produce energy. Molecular oxygen is the most efficient electron acceptor for respiration, due to its high affini...
Respiration is the process through which the energy stored in fuel is converted into a form that a cell can use. Typically, energy stored in the molecular bonds of a sugar or fat molecule is used to make ATP, by taking electrons from the fuel molecule and using them to power an electron transport chain. Respiration is crucial to a cell’s survival b...
Similarities
Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration are methods of harvesting energy from a food source, such as fats or sugars. Both processes begin with the splitting of a six-carbon sugar molecule into 2 three-carbon pyruvate molecules in a process called glycolysis. This process consumes two ATP molecules and creates four ATP, for a net gain of two ATP per sugar molecule that is split. In both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the two pyruvate molecules are subject to another series of reactions that...
Differences
After glycolysis, both the aerobic and anaerobic cells send the two pyruvate molecules through a series of chemical reactions to generate more ATP and extract electrons for use in their electron transport chain. However, what these reactions are, and where they happen, varies between aerobic and anaerobic respiration During aerobic respiration, the electron transport chain, and most of the chemical reactions of respiration, occur in the mitochondria. The mitochondria’s system of membranes mak...
Cellular Respiration in Different Organisms
Organisms can be classified based on the types of cellular respiration they carry out. 1. Obligate aerobes –organisms that cannot survive without oxygen. For example, humans are obligate aerobes. 2. Obligate anaerobes – organisms that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Certain species of bacteria are obligate anaerobes, such as Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus. 3. Aerotolerant organisms – organisms that can live in the presence of oxygen, but does not use it to grow. For exampl...
The equations for the two most common types of anaerobic respiration are: • Lactic acid fermentation: C6H12O6(glucose)+ 2 ADP + 2 pi → 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP • Alcoholic fermentation: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 ADP + 2 pi → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2+ 2 ATP
Sore Muscles and Lactic Acid
During intense exercise, our muscles use oxygen to produce ATP faster than we can supply it. When this happens, muscle cells can perform glycolysis faster than they can supply oxygen to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The result is that anaerobic respiration and lactic acid fermentation occurs within our cells – and after prolonged exercise, the built-up lactic acid can make our muscles sore!
Yeasts and Alcoholic Drinks
Alcoholic drinks such as wine and whiskey are typically produced by bottling yeasts – which perform alcoholic fermentation – with a solution of sugar and other flavoring compounds. Yeasts can use complex carbohydrates including those found in potatoes, grapes, corn, and many other grains, as sources of sugar to carry out cellular respiration. Putting the yeast and its fuel source in an airtight bottle ensures that there will not be enough oxygen around, and thus the yeast will convert to anae...
Methanogenesis and Dangerous Homebrews
Unfortunately, alcoholic fermentation isn’t the only kind of fermentation that can happen in plant matter. A different alcohol, called methanol, can be produced from the fermentation of cellulose. This can cause methanol poisoning. The dangers of “moonshine” – cheap, homebrewed alcohol which often contains high amounts of methanol due to poor brewing and distillation processes – were advertised in the 20th century during prohibition. Death and nerve damage from methanol poisoning is still an...
Figure 7.15 Lactic acid fermentation is common in muscle cells that have run out of oxygen. Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in the white snake root plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, it is concentrated in the milk they produce. Humans who consume the milk become ill.
Figure 7.5.2 7.5. 2: Lactic acid fermentation is common in muscle cells that have run out of oxygen. Tremetol, a metabolic poison found in the white snake root plant, prevents the metabolism of lactate. When cows eat this plant, it is concentrated in the milk they produce. Humans who consume the milk become ill.
Humans need oxygen molecules for a process called cellular respiration, which takes place in our cells’ mitochondria. Through a series of reactions called the electron transport chain, electrons are passed along in a sort of cellular relay race, allowing the cell to create ATP, the molecule that gives our cells energy to complete their vital functions.
People also ask
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Lactic Acid Fermentation. The fermentation method used by animals and certain bacteria, such as those in yogurt, is lactic acid fermentation (Figure 7.16).This type of fermentation is used routinely in mammalian red blood cells, which do not have mitochondria, and in skeletal muscle that has an insufficient oxygen supply to allow aerobic respiration to continue (that is, in muscles used to the ...
