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Mar 12, 2024 · Example 9: Momentum of a photon. According to the theory of relativity, the momentum of a beam of light is given by p = E / c. Apply this to find the momentum of a single photon in terms of its frequency, and in terms of its wavelength. Combining the equations p = E / c and E = hf, we find. p = E / c = h cf.
It’s not as odd as it might seem, either. Particles and waves are sometimes conceived as opposites, but they’re not. Also, light is not the only thing that exhibits behavior of both particles and waves. Other quantum entities also have this behavioral duality, and wave-particle duality is a key focus of the study of quantum mechanics.
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Huygens' theory of light refraction, based on the concept of the wave-like nature of light, held that the velocity of light in any substance was inversely proportion to its refractive index. In other words, Huygens postulated that the more light was \"bent\" or refracted by a substance, the slower it would move while traversing across that substanc...
Despite the highly regarded reputation of Sir Isaac Newton, a number of prominent scientists in the early 1700s did not agree with his corpuscular theory. Some argued that if light consisted of particles, then when two beams are crossed, some of the particles would collide with each other to produce a deviation in the light beams. Obviously, this i...
When a beam of light travels between two media having different refractive indices, the beam undergoes refraction, and changes direction when it passes from the first medium into the second. To determine whether the light beam is composed of waves or particles, a model for each can be devised to explain the phenomenon (Figure 3). According to Huyge...
Another excellent comparison of the two theories involves the differences that occur when light is reflected from a smooth, specular surface, such as a mirror. Wave theory speculates that a light source emits light waves that spread in all directions. Upon impacting a mirror, the waves are reflected according to the arrival angles, but with each wa...
The case for a particle nature for light is far stronger with regards to the reflection phenomenon than it is for refraction. Light emitted by a source, whether near or far, arrives at the mirror surface as a stream of particles, which bounce away or are reflected from the smooth surface. Because the particles are very tiny, a huge number are invol...
As he suspected, Young discovered that when the light waves from the second set of slits are spread (or diffracted), they meet each other and overlap. In some cases, the overlap combines the two waves exactly in step. However, in other cases, the light waves are combined either slightly or completely out of step with each other. Young found that wh...
The effects observed with polarized light were critical to the development of the concept that light consists of transverse waves having components that are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Each of the transverse components must have a specific orientation direction that enables it to either pass through or to be blocked by a polarize...
By the middle of the 1800s, scientists were becoming increasingly convinced of the wave-like character of light, but there remained one overbearing problem. Exactly what is light? A breakthrough was made when it was discovered by English physicist James Clerk Maxwell that all forms of electromagnetic radiation represent a continuous spectrum, and t...
What Lenard discovered confused and amazed him. For a specific wavelength of light (blue, for example), the electrons produced a constant potential, or a fixed amount of energy. Decreasing or increasing the amount of light produced a corresponding increase or decrease in the number of electrons liberated, but each still maintained the same energy. ...
In 1905, Albert Einstein postulated that light might actually have some particle characteristics, regardless of the overwhelming evidence for a wave-like nature. In developing his quantum theory, Einstein suggested mathematically that electrons attached to atoms in a metal can absorb a specific quantity of light (first termed a quantum, but later c...
where E is the energy of a particle, m the mass, c is the speed of light, h is Planck's constant, and n is the frequency. De Broglie's work, which relates the frequency of a wave to the energy and mass of a particle, was fundamental in the development of a new field that would ultimately be utilized to explain both the wave-like and particle-like n...
1 day ago · Whether light is a particle or a wave was a question that has vexed scientists for centuries. (Image credit: DrPixel via Getty Images) From the most distant stars in the sky to the screen in front ...
Nov 14, 2024 · Light is a primary tool for perceiving the world and interacting with it for many organisms. Light from the Sun warms the Earth, drives global weather patterns, and initiates the life-sustaining process of photosynthesis; about 10 22 joules of solar radiant energy reach Earth each day. Light’s interactions with matter have also helped shape ...
Einstein was the first to explain what was happening. He theorized that electromagnetic energy comes in packets, or quanta which we now call photons. So light behaves as a wave and as a particle, depending on the circumstances and the effect being observed. This concept is now known as wave-particle duality. Einstein won the 1921 Nobel Prize in ...
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1 day ago · Wave-Particle Duality: Photons display both wave and particle characteristics, behaving as waves in phenomena like interference (double-slit experiment) and as particles in interactions such as the photoelectric effect. The example image below highlights how light, composed of photons, exhibits both wave and particle characteristics.
