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      • Consistent with predictions based on previous field studies, listeners reported more intense emotions (1) to self-chosen music than to randomly selected music and (2) when listening with a close friend or partner than when listening alone.
    • Musical pleasure. The enjoyment of music appears to involve the same pleasure center in the brain as other forms of pleasure, such as food, sex, and drugs.
    • Musical anticipation. Music can be experienced as pleasurable both when it fulfills and violates expectations. The more unexpected the events in music, the more surprising is the musical experience (Gebauer & Kringelbach, 2012).
    • Refined emotions. There is also an intellectual component to the appreciation for music. The dopamine systems do not work in isolation, and their influence will be largely dependent on their interaction with other regions of the brain.
    • Memories. Memories are one of the important ways in which musical events evoke emotions. As the late physician Oliver Sacks has noted, musical emotions and musical memory can survive long after other forms of memory have disappeared.
  1. Jun 6, 2019 · The current study sought to advance understanding of everyday music listening and build upon previous experimental research by examining the affect regulating effects of a self-chosen music listening intervention following a stress induction for both younger and older adults.

    • Jenny M. Groarke, Michael J. Hogan
    • 10.1371/journal.pone.0218017
    • 2019
    • PLoS One. 2019; 14(6): e0218017.
    • Stress management. Music provides calmness and relaxation. Music listening is strongly associated with stress reduction by the decrease of physiological arousal as indicated by reduced cortisol levels, lowered heart rate, and decreases in mean arterial pressure (de Witte et al., 2020).
    • Emotional effects of music. Music can evoke a wide range of feeling states, such as exuberance, compassion, or tenderness (Cowen et al., 2020). For example, the “Star-Spangled Banner” stirs pride, Vivaldi’s “Four Seasons” makes some people feel energized, and “The Last Song” by Elton John triggers sadness.
    • Musical pleasure. Music has the ability to evoke powerful emotional responses (chills and thrills) in listeners. Positive emotions dominate in musical experiences.
    • Social bonding. Music is thought to be the social glue that enhances cooperation and strengthens feelings of unity. Music triggers the hormones oxytocin and serotonin, responsible for bonding, trust, and intimacy (Levitin, 2010).
  2. Music is a ubiquitous phenomenon in human cultures, mostly due to its power to evoke and regulate emotions. However, effects of music evoking different emotional experiences such as sadness and happiness on cognition, and in particular on self-generated thought, are unknown.

    • Participants
    • Measures
    • Procedure
    • Data Analysis

    Participants were recruited over a period of three months (August – October 2020) through SurveyCircle (https://www.surveycircle.com) and social media posts. Participants were eligible to take part in the study if they were 18–65 years old and were able to access the survey link with their computers, laptops, tablets, or smartphones. At the end of ...

    To obtain a portrait of participants’ choice of stress recovery activities, self-selected recovery songs, and emotional responses to music listening, our pre-registered, exploratory cross-sectional study employed a survey that included items adapted from existing, validated measures. Prior to our data collection period, the survey was pilot tested ...

    Upon accessing the study link, participants were redirected to a web page with information about the study. Participants were also informed that their responses would be anonymized, and that they could withdraw their participation at any point during the study. Participants were then asked to provide informed consent prior to beginning the study. A...

    Data analysis was conducted in R . To investigate participants’ recovery activity choices, a within-subjects ANOVA was conducted to compare mean scores of each recovery activity. Next, frequency scores for items measuring participants’ reasons for listening to music after stress, characteristics of self-selected songs, and desired emotional respons...

  3. Dec 13, 2023 · People actively listen to music in their everyday contexts to create mood states, and change levels of emotional arousal (North et al., 2004), as a tactic for affect regulation (Baltazar & Saarikallio, 2016).

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  5. Jul 13, 2021 · Self-selected music can be more engaging (Lynar et al., 2017) and can strongly affect emotional responses (Helsing et al., 2016). Preference is so influential that preferred music can improve negative moods, and strongly disliked music can exacerbate positive moods ( Wheeler, 1985 ).

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