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Aug 1, 2015 · ibid. (ibidem) in the same place. Used in footnote and endnote citations when citing the same source and page twice in a row. 1. Porter, 63-64. 2. Ibid. Make sure not to confuse “e.g.” and “i.e.”. In general, it’s best to avoid using these abbreviations in the main text, especially in US English.
- PRC, UAE, UK, USA, USSR
- BC/AD, BCE/CE, time zones
- NASA, NATO, UNESCO, UNICEF
Nov 3, 2022 · Avoid contractions like won’t, can’t, they’re, it’s. The first time you mention a phrase that can be abbreviated, spell it out in full and provide the abbreviation in parentheses. Use only the abbreviation thereafter. Only abbreviate phrases that occur three or more times in your paper. Avoid abbreviations in titles, headings, the ...
Units of measurement and statistical abbreviations should only be abbreviated when accompanied by numerical values: 15 mg, 250 mi, M = 5.7. measured in milligrams, several miles after the exit, the means were determined. Only certain units of time should be abbreviated. Do not abbreviate: day, week, month, year. Do abbreviate: hr, min, ms, ns, s.
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Jun 28, 2024 · Using Abbreviations Properly. Before you begin using abbreviations in academic writing, there are a few rules you need to know. There are three main things to keep in mind when using abbreviations in an academic or scientific paper. These are spacing, capitalization, and punctuation. It is important to note that, like many other aspects of ...
It should be noted that some journals—among others, ELH and PMLA—have initial letter abbreviations (without periods) as actual titles and also that most journals with single-word titles (Speculum) have no widely accepted abbreviations. Generally speaking, in citing periodicals, abbreviate only those titles likely to be familiar to the reader.
Aug 22, 2022 · measurement abbreviations Abbreviate a unit of measurement when it appears with a numerical value (e.g., 80 m). See the table for common abbreviations. • Write out a measurement unit when it appears without a numerical value (e.g., measured in meters). • When writing unit of measurement abbreviations, do not place a period after the ...
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Feb 24, 2015 · Most acronyms and abbreviations are written without punctuation, as shown in the examples above. However, it is common to use full stops in lowercase abbreviations, such as ‘a.m.’, ‘p.m.’, ‘e.g.’, and ‘i.e.’. And some style guides (mostly those that focus on American English) recommend using a full stop between letters in short ...
