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1. sis.agr.gc.ca › cansis › taxaCanadian System of Soil Classification, 3rd edition

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   They differ from Orthic Humic Podzols by having an ortstein horizon at least 3 cm thick. An ortstein horizon is a Bh, Bhf, or Bf horizon that is strongly cemented and occurs in at least one-third of the lateral extent of the pedon.

2. soilsofcanada.ca › orders › podzolicPodzolic - Soils of Canada

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   These cemented layers can form barriers to the vertical penetration of tree roots and of water, leading to water saturation of the layer above the cemented layer. Four types of cemented layers are found in Podzolic soils: Ortstein horizons, Duric horizons, Placic horizons, and fragipans.

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4. link.springer.com › referenceworkentry › 10Ortstein, Physical Properties | SpringerLink

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   Jan 1, 2014 · Properties: Ortstein is 25 mm or more thick and 50% or more (by volume) cemented (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). As a rule, the horizon has sandy grain-size distribution. Compared to the adjacent non-cemented horizons, ortstein usually has a higher bulk density (Lambert and Hole, 1971; Wang et al., 1978).

   • Author: Jacek Chodorowski

   • Email: jchodor@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

5. sis.agr.gc.ca › cansis › taxaChapter 2: Soil, Pedon, Control Section, and Soil Horizons ...

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   Ortstein - This strongly cemented horizon (Bhc, Bhfc, or Bfc) is at least 3 cm thick and occurs in more than one-third of the exposed face of the pedon. Ortstein horizons are generally reddish brown to very dark reddish brown.

6. link.springer.com › chapter › 10Ortstein and Placic Horizons - SpringerLink

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   Jan 1, 2014 · Based on data from 47 soil series, ortstein averages 42 cm in thickness, has a coarse platy structure, is massive, is extremely firm when moist and very hard when dry, and varies in degree of cementation.

   • Author: James G. Bockheim

   • Publish Year: 2014

7. www.sciencedirect.com › science › articlePore size distribution and stability of ortstein and ...

   www.sciencedirect.com › science › article

   Jan 15, 2018 · In soil taxonomy, ortstein is defined as a layer ≥ 25 mm thick and ≥ 50% cemented (Soil Survey Staff, 2014, IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015). Formation of ortstein by cementing of soil grains is a gradual process and lasts at least a few thousand years (Bronick et al., 2004).

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   How thick is Ortstein?

   • According to Soil Taxonomy (ST), ortstein consists of spodic materials and occurs in a layer that is ≥25 mm thick and ≥50 % cemented (Soil Survey Staff 2010) (Fig. 18.1). In ST, ortstein is both a diagnostic subsurface horizon and the only rupture-resistance class recognized in the system.

   Ortstein and Placic Horizons - SpringerLink

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   How thick is a soil with 50 % Ortstein?

   • The ortstein horizon averaged 41 cm and 32 cm in thickness for soils with ≥50 % and <50 % ortstein, respectively. The degree and proportion of cementation were significantly greater in soils with ≥50 % ortstein than in those with <50 % ortstein (Table 18.1).

   Ortstein and Placic Horizons - SpringerLink

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   What is Ortstein in soil taxonomy?

   • In soil taxonomy, ortstein is defined as a layer ≥ 25 mm thick and ≥ 50% cemented (Soil Survey Staff, 2014, IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015). Formation of ortstein by cementing of soil grains is a gradual process and lasts at least a few thousand years (Bronick et al., 2004).

   Pore size distribution and stability of ortstein and overlying horizons

   www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706117309199

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   What do Ortstein Horizons look like?

   • Ortstein horizons are generally reddish brown to very dark reddish brown in color. Usually Ortstein Humo-Ferric Podzols have L, F, and H or O horizons and an Ae horizon. They may have faint mottling, and placic, duric, Ah, or Bt horizons, or a fragipan. Common horizon sequence: LFH or O, Ae, Bf, Bfc, BC, C

   Canadian System of Soil Classification, 3rd edition

   sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/taxa/cssc3/PZ/index.html

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   How is Ortstein cemented?

   • Therefore, ortstein appears to be cemented primarily by Al-humus gels that bridge sand grains, and placic horizons are cemented by amorphous or weakly crystalline Fe minerals with or without organic complexes.

   Ortstein and Placic Horizons - SpringerLink

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   What is the difference between 50 % Ortstein and 50 % Ortstein?

   • Whereas soils with ≥50 % ortstein commonly had a massive structure (64 % of soil series), soils with <50 % ortstein and those lacking ortstein often had a subangular blocky structure (74 % and 54 %, respectively) (Table 18.2).

   Ortstein and Placic Horizons - SpringerLink

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9. link.springer.com › content › pdfChapter 18 Ortstein and Placic Horizons - Springer

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   ortstein consists of spodic materials and occurs in a layer that is 25 mm thick and 50 % cemented (Soil Survey Staff 2010) (Fig. 18.1). In ST, ortstein is both a