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- Tone plays a prominent role in the study of phonology because of its structural complexity. That is, in many languages, the way a tone surfaces is conditioned by factors such as the segmental composition of the morpheme, the tonal specifications of surrounding constituents, morphosyntax, and intonation.
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Tone is most frequently manifested on vowels, but in most tonal languages where voiced syllabic consonants occur they will bear tone as well. This is especially common with syllabic nasals, for example in many Bantu and Kru languages, but also occurs in Serbo-Croatian.
Tone, in linguistics, a variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking. The word tone is usually applied to those languages (called tone languages) in which pitch serves to help distinguish words and grammatical categories—i.e., in which pitch characteristics are used to differentiate one word.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Research Surveys in Linguistics
- Preface
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In large domains of theoretical and empirical linguistics, scholarly communication needs are directly comparable to those in analytical and natural sciences. Conspicuously lacking in the inventory publications for linguists, compared to those in the sciences, are concise, single-authored, non-textbook reviews of rapidly evolving areas of inquiry. R...
The question of how the delicate pitch variations that humans can produce are employed in language has been one of the most fascinating topics in phonological and phonetic research at least since Joshua Steele’s Essay towards establishing the Melody and Measure of Speech (Steele 1775), but has developed a particularly fruitful momentum in the past ...
Analogical Lengthening constraint hierarchy (Optimality Theory) Compound Rule digital audiotape Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth extra-sentential constituent evaluation procedure (Optimality Theory) fundamental frequency Generator (Optimality Theory) hertz Initial Accent Deletion Input–Output (Optimality Theory) Intermediate Phrase Middle High Germ...
When the phonological form of a morpheme—a unit of meaning that cannot be decomposed further into smaller units of meaning—involves a particular melodic pattern as part of its sound shape, this morpheme is specified for tone.
In this comprehensive survey, Carlos Gussenhoven provides an overview of research into tone and intonation, discussing why speakers vary their pitch, what pitch variations mean, and how they are integrated into our grammars.
- Carlos Gussenhoven
- 2004
While Pike originally saw tone as a contrastive feature on each syllable or other tone-bearing unit (TBU), Welmers’ definition insists on the MORPHOLOGICAL nature of tone: tone is not a property of syllables, as expressed by Pike, but rather of morphemes.
All languages use “tone” if what is meant is either pitch or the F0 variations that are unavoidable in spoken language. However, this is not what is generally meant when the term is used by phonologists. Instead, there is a major typological split between those languages that use tone to distinguish morphemes and words vs. those that do not.
