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     phys.org

     • Deoxygenation is one of multiple human-induced stress factors affecting marine ecosystems. Because respiration consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, ocean deoxygenation is often accompanied by ocean acidification, making it necessary to mitigate these stressors together.
     www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/ocean-deoxygenation

     Ocean deoxygenation - resource - IUCN

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   What causes oxygen stress in marine organisms?

   • Even slight overall reductions in the levels of oxygen dissolved in the oceans can induce oxygen stress in marine organisms by depriving them of an adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level (termed hypoxia). The loss of oxygen in the ocean has two major causes:

   Ocean deoxygenation - resource - IUCN

   www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/ocean-deoxygenation

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   How does respiratory stress affect marine life?

   • With the onset of respiratory stress, marine life is susceptible to experiencing reduced growth rates and body size, changes in reproductive success, increased disease risk and mortality, altered behaviors and vision, and habitat compression (McCormick and Levin, 2017; Breitburg et al., 2018; Sampaio et al., 2021).

   Impacts of Low Oxygen on Marine Life: Neglected, but a Crucial Priority

   www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/721468

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   How does oxygen loss affect marine organisms?

   • is predicted to vary regionally. Much of the oxygen loss is concentrated in the upper 1000m where species ichness and abundance is highest. Even slight overall reductions in the levels of oxygen dissolved in the oceans can induce oxygen stress in marine organisms by depriving them of an adequate oxygen supply at

   DECEMBER 2019 OCEAN DEOXYGENATION - IUCN

   www.iucn.org/sites/default/files/2022-07/ocean_deoxygenation_issues_brief_-_final.pdf

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   What causes a loss of oxygen in the ocean?

   • The loss of oxygen in the ocean has two major causes: Ocean warming-driven deoxygenation: Warmer ocean water holds less oxygen and is more buoyant than cooler water. This leads to reduced mixing of oxygenated water near the surface with deeper waters, which naturally contain less oxygen. Warmer water also raises oxygen demand from living organisms.

   Ocean deoxygenation - resource - IUCN

   www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/ocean-deoxygenation

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   How does Ocean deoxygenation affect marine life?

   • Ocean deoxygenation has started to alter the balance of marine life, favouring hypoxia-tolerant species (e.g. microbes, jellyfish and some squid) at the expense of hypoxia-sensitive ones (many marine species including most fish).

   Ocean deoxygenation - resource - IUCN

   www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/ocean-deoxygenation

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3. www.nature.com › articles › s41561/023/01217-zOxygen dynamics in marine productive ecosystems at ... - Nature

   www.nature.com › articles › s41561/023/01217-z

   Jul 3, 2023 · Oxygen supersaturation protects marine fauna from thermal stress because it enhances organismal tolerance by increasing the efficiency of oxygen delivery to tissues during heat exposure ...

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4. www.iucn.org › resources › issues-briefOcean deoxygenation - resource - IUCN

   www.iucn.org › resources › issues-brief

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   Deoxygenation is one of multiple human-induced stress factors affecting marine ecosystems. Because respiration consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, ocean deoxygenation is often accompanied by ocean acidification, making it necessary to mitigate these stressors together.

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6. www.science.org › doi › 10Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters

   www.science.org › doi › 10

   Jan 5, 2018 · In estuaries and other coastal systems strongly influenced by their watershed, oxygen declines have been caused by increased loadings of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and organic matter, primarily from agriculture; sewage; and the combustion of fossil fuels.

   • Author: Denise L. Breitburg, Lisa A. Levin, Andreas Oschlies, Marilaure Grégoire, Francisco P. Chavez, Danie...

   • Publish Year: 2018

7. www.nature.com › articles › s41561/018/0152-2Drivers and mechanisms of ocean deoxygenation - Nature

   www.nature.com › articles › s41561/018/0152-2

   Jun 11, 2018 · Changes in oxygen consumption can also have many causes, including direct temperature effects on metabolic rates 37, CO 2 effects on organisms, ecosystems and the quality of sinking particles...

   • Author: Andreas Oschlies, Andreas Oschlies, Peter Brandt, Peter Brandt, Lothar Stramma, Sunke Schmidtko

   • Publish Year: 2018

8. www.journals.uchicago.edu › doi › fullImpacts of Low Oxygen on Marine Life: Neglected, but a ...

   www.journals.uchicago.edu › doi › full

   Aug 29, 2022 · Oxygen has acted as a major driver of the evolution of life, marine ecosystems, and biogeochemistry, by exerting an important influence over organism physiology and distribution (Deutsch et al., 2015).

9. www.nature.com › articles › s41467/024/51323-8The ocean losing its breath under the heatwaves | Nature ...

   www.nature.com › articles › s41467/024/51323-8

   Aug 9, 2024 · These researches highlight the importance of exploring the coupling between heatwaves and extreme low-oxygen events. Many marine ecosystems are highly vulnerable to multiple stressors and as a...

10. www.iucn.org › sites › defaultDECEMBER 2019 OCEAN DEOXYGENATION - IUCN

    www.iucn.org › sites › default

    overall reductions in the levels of oxygen dissolved in the oceans can induce oxygen stress in marine organisms by depriving them of an adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level (termed hypoxia). The loss of oxygen in the ocean has two major causes: Ocean warming-driven deoxygenation: Warmer ocean water holds less oxygen and is more buoyant