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Treaty No. 9
- Treaty No. 9 In 1905, Treaty 9 was signed by the Indigenous people living around Fort Albany, who had become concentrated in the area over the past few decades and who had been seeking a binding agreement with the government to protect their way of life. The signature of this treaty marked the legal creation of Fort Albany First Nation.
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Fort Albany First Nation (Cree: ᐲᐦᑖᐯᒄ ᐃᓕᓕᐗᒃ pîhtâpek ililiwak, "lagoon Cree") [1] is a Cree First Nation in Cochrane District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, within the territory covered by Treaty 9. Situated on the southern shore of the Albany River on the west coast of James Bay, Fort Albany First Nation is accessible ...
Watch a dramatization of the making of Treaty No. 9 from the perspective of historical witness George Spence, an 18-year-old, Omushkegowuk hunter from Fort Albany, James Bay. Heritage Minute courtesy of Historica Canada.
In 1905, Treaty 9 was signed by the Indigenous people living around Fort Albany, who had become concentrated in the area over the past few decades and who had been seeking a binding agreement with the government to protect their way of life. The signature of this treaty marked the legal creation of Fort Albany First Nation. [10]
- Historical Background
- Reasons For Treaty 9
- Drafting The Treaty Terms
- Written Terms
- Treaty Proceedings
- Adhesions
- Interpretations and Impacts
- Reconciliation and Renewal
The land cession treaty system began in Upper Canada (modern Ontario), where many treaties were negotiated with the Indigenous population between 1764 and 1862. These pre-Confederation treaties contained provisions, such as hunting and fishing rights, for the Indigenous signatories. After 1870, the government of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald beg...
In the 1880s, Cree and Ojibwe peoples in the James Bay region were increasingly concerned about presence of non-Indigenous trappers and prospectors on their traditional lands. The Cree and Ojibwe protested verbally and in petitions to Hudson’s Bay Company traders and to federal and provincial government officials. They were concerned, in particular...
Due to a precedent set after the signing of Treaty 3, Dominion and provincial officials were involved in the drafting of the terms for Treaty 9. When Treaty 3 was signed in 1873, there was a dispute over the selection, size and location of the reserves. The landmark St. Catherine’s Milling and Lumber case (1887) led to an agreement between Ontario ...
The terms of Treaty 9, as approved by an order-in-council on 3 July 1905, had a format similar to Treaties 1–8. The preamble to the treaty stated its purpose. It was to open the Northern Ontario lands “for settlement, immigration, trade, travel, mining, lumbering and other such purposes.” The Indigenous signatories were required to “cede, release, ...
Between 1905 and 1906, treaty commissioners traveled to Cree and Ojibwe communities in Northern Ontario to explain the written terms of Treaty 9 to local populations. They also administered and witnessed the signing of the treaty, helped to select reserve lands and distributed various goods and cash payments to the Indigenous peoples on behalf of t...
In the decades following the treaty trips of 1905–06, other Indigenous groups (likely Cree, Algonquin or Ojibwe-speaking people) in Northern Ontario wished to be represented in Treaty 9. The Dominion and provincial governments made adhesions to include them. Resuming Treaty Talks About a quarter century elapsed until treaty activity resumed in 1929...
Treaty 9 created more legal controversies and socio-economic problems than the treaty commissioners could ever have imagined. (See also Social Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada and Economic Conditions of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) Was it viewed as an instrument for Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous peoples to share the land and the...
The provincial and federal governments have negotiated settlements with various Treaty 9 First Nations that aim to correct historic wrongs. In July 2020, the Government of Ontario and Flying Post First Nation announced a $14.1 million settlement in a land claim dating back to 1905. In October 2020, representatives of the federal government and Miss...
Signed at Fort Albany on the third day of August, 1905, by His Majesty's commissioners and the chiefs and headmen in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, after having been first interpreted and explained.
Dec 21, 2018 · Today we know them as Fort Albany and Kashechewan—two separate Cree communities on the James Bay Coast. But for centuries they were the joined together. They were the same people.
The original Treaty No. 9 document. Some Aboriginal leaders signed by touching a pen as an ‘X’ mark was inscribed next to their names, while others signed in syllabic writing. Getting the signatures to surrender Aboriginal title to the land south of the Albany River took the summers of 1905 and 1906.
