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1 day ago · The Python Language Reference ¶. This reference manual describes the syntax and “core semantics” of the language. It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in The Python Standard Library.
- 10. Full Grammar Specification
This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation...
- 1. Introduction
This reference manual describes the Python programming...
- 3. Data Model
3. Data model¶ 3.1. Objects, values and types¶. Objects are...
- 5. The Import System
5.3.3. Import hooks¶. The import machinery is designed to be...
- 2. Lexical Analysis
When embedding Python, source code strings should be passed...
- 6. Expressions
The syntax for string formatting is described in the Python...
- 9. Top-level Components
The Python interpreter can get its input from a number of...
- 8. Compound Statements
8.4.2. except* clause¶ The except* clause(s) are used for...
- 10. Full Grammar Specification
19 hours ago · The Python Language Reference gives a more formal definition of the language. To write extensions in C or C++, read Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter and Python/C API Reference Manual. There are also several books covering Python in depth.
Browse the docs online or download a copy of your own. Python's documentation, tutorials, and guides are constantly evolving. Get started here, or scroll down for documentation broken out by type and subject. See also Documentation Releases by Version. Download Current Documentation (multiple formats are available, including typeset versions ...
- Abstract
- Introduction
- 2.1 Line structure
- 2.1.1 Logical lines
- 2.1.2 Physical lines
- 2.1.3 Comments
- 2.1.5 Implicit line joining
- 2.1.6 Blank lines
- 2.1.7 Indentation
- 2.1.8 Whitespace between tokens
- 2.2 Other tokens
- 2.3 Identifiers and keywords
- 2.3.1 Keywords
- 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers
- 2.4 Literals
- 2.4.1 String literals
- Escape Sequence
- Meaning
- 2.4.2 String literal concatenation
- 2.5 Operators
- 2.6 Delimiters
- 3.1 Objects, values and types
- 3.2 The standard type hierarchy
- m.im self is x.
- 3.3 Special method names
- 3.3.1 Basic customization
- gt
- cmp
- 3.3.2 Customizing attribute access
- 3.3.4 Emulating sequence and mapping types
- 3.3.5 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
- getslice (self, i, j)
- 3.3.6 Emulating numeric types
- mod
- xor
- rxor
- ior
- invert (self)
- float (self)
- oct
- 4.1 Code blocks, execution frames, and namespaces
- n.s. means namespace
- 4.2 Exceptions
- 5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)
- 5.2.2 Literals
- 5.2.3 Parenthesized forms
- 5.2.4 List displays
- 5.2.5 Dictionary displays
- 5.2.6 String conversions
- 5.3 Primaries
- 5.3.1 Attribute references
- 5.3.2 Subscriptions
- 5.3.3 Slicings
- 5.3.4 Calls
- 5.4 The power operator
- 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
- 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
- 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
- 5.9 Comparisons
- 5.11 Expression lists
- 5.12 Summary
- Simple statements
- 6.1 Expression statements
- 6.2 Assert statements
- 6.3.1 Augmented Assignment statements
- 6.4 The pass statement
- 6.5 The del statement
- 6.6 The print statement
- 6.7 The return statement
- 6.8 The raise statement
- 6.9 The break statement
- 6.12 The global statement
- 6.13 The exec statement
- Compound statements
- 7.2 The while statement
- 7.3 The for statement
- 7.4 The try statement
- 7.5 Function definitions
- 7.6 Class definitions
- 8.3 Interactive input
- 8.4 Expression input
- Definitions and rules
- CNRI OPEN SOURCE GPL-COMPATIBLE LICENSE AGREEMENT
Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for rapid applica-tion development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing components together. Python’s...
This reference manual describes the Python programming language. It is not intended as a tutorial. While I am trying to be as precise as possible, I chose to use English rather than formal specifications for everything except syntax and lexical analysis. This should make the document more understandable to the average reader, but will leave room fo...
A Python program is divided into a number of logical lines.
The end of a logical line is represented by the token NEWLINE. Statements cannot cross logical line boundaries except where NEWLINE is allowed by the syntax (e.g., between statements in compound statements). A logical line is constructed from one or more physical lines by following the explicit or implicit line joining rules.
A physical line ends in whatever the current platform’s convention is for terminating lines. On UNIX, this is the ASCII LF (linefeed) character. On DOS/Windows, it is the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed). On Macintosh, it is the ASCII CR (return) character.
A comment starts with a hash character (#) that is not part of a string literal, and ends at the end of the physical line. A comment signifies the end of the logical line unless the implicit line joining rules are invoked. Comments are ignored by the syntax; they are not tokens.
Expressions in parentheses, square brackets or curly braces can be split over more than one physical line without using backslashes. For example: month_names = [’Januari’, ’Februari’, ’Maart’, ’April’, ’Mei’, ’Juni’, ’Juli’, # These are the # Dutch names ’Augustus’, ’September’, # for the months ’Oktober’, ’November’, ’December’] # of the year Impl...
A logical line that contains only spaces, tabs, formfeeds and possibly a comment, is ignored (i.e., no NEWLINE token is generated). During interactive input of statements, handling of a blank line may differ depending on the implementation of the read-eval-print loop. In the standard implementation, an entirely blank logical line (i.e. one containi...
Leading whitespace (spaces and tabs) at the beginning of a logical line is used to compute the indentation level of the line, which in turn is used to determine the grouping of statements. First, tabs are replaced (from left to right) by one to eight spaces such that the total number of characters up to and including the replacement is a multiple o...
Except at the beginning of a logical line or in string literals, the whitespace characters space, tab and formfeed can be used interchangeably to separate tokens. Whitespace is needed between two tokens only if their concatenation could otherwise be interpreted as a different token (e.g., ab is one token, but a b is two tokens).
Besides NEWLINE, INDENT and DEDENT, the following categories of tokens exist: identifiers, keywords, literals, operators, and delimiters. Whitespace characters (other than line terminators, discussed earlier) are not tokens, but serve to delimit tokens. Where ambiguity exists, a token comprises the longest possible string that forms a legal token, ...
Identifiers (also referred to as names) are described by the following lexical definitions: Identifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant.
The following identifiers are used as reserved words, or keywords of the language, and cannot be used as ordinary identifiers. They must be spelled exactly as written here: and assert del elif for from is lambda raise return break else global not try class except continue exec if import or pass while def finally in print
Certain classes of identifiers (besides keywords) have special meanings. These are: (XXX need section references here.) Note: (1) The special identifier ‘ ’ is used in the interactive interpreter to store the result of the last evaluation; it is stored in the builtin module. When not in interactive mode, ‘ ’ has no special meaning and is not define...
Literals are notations for constant values of some built-in types.
String literals are described by the following lexical definitions: stringliteral: shortstring | longstring shortstring: "’" shortstringitem* "’" | ’"’ shortstringitem* ’"’ longstring: "’’’" longstringitem* "’’’" | ’"""’ longstringitem* ’"""’ shortstringitem: shortstringchar | escapeseq longstringitem: longstringchar | escapeseq shortstringchar:
\newline \\ \’ \" \a \b \f \n \N{name} \r \t \uxxxx \Uxxxxxxxx \v \ooo \xhh
Ignored Backslash (\) Single quote (’) Double quote (") ASCII Bell (BEL) ASCII Backspace (BS) ASCII Formfeed (FF) ASCII Linefeed (LF) Character named name in the Unicode database (Unicode only) ASCII Carriage Return (CR) ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB) Character with 16-bit hex value xxxx (Unicode only) Character with 32-bit hex value xxxxxxxx (Unicode ...
Multiple adjacent string literals (delimited by whitespace), possibly using different quoting conventions, are allowed, and their meaning is the same as their concatenation. Thus, "hello" ’world’ is equivalent to "helloworld". This feature can be used to reduce the number of backslashes needed, to split long strings conveniently across long lines, ...
The following tokens are operators: - ** / % << >> & | ˆ ̃ < > <= >= == != <> The comparison operators <> and != are alternate spellings of the same operator. != is the preferred spelling; <> is obsolescent.
The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar: ( ) [ ] { } , : . ‘ = ; += -= *= /= %= **= &= |= ˆ= >>= <<= The period can also occur in floating-point and imaginary literals. A sequence of three periods has a special meaning as an ellipsis in slices. The second half of the list, the augmented assignment operators, serve lexically as d...
Objects are Python’s abstraction for data. All data in a Python program is represented by objects or by relations between objects. (In a sense, and in conformance to Von Neumann’s model of a “stored program computer,” code is also represented by objects.) Every object has an identity, a type and a value. An object’s identity never changes once it h...
Below is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension modules written in C can define additional types. Future versions of Python may add types to the type hierarchy (e.g., rational numbers, efficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.). Some of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing ‘special attributes.’ These are attr...
When an unbound user-defined method object is called, the underlying function (im func) is called, with the restriction that the first argument must be an instance of the proper class (im class) or of a derived class thereof. When a bound user-defined method object is called, the underlying function (im func) is called, inserting the class instance...
A class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special syntax (such as arithmetic operations or sub-scripting and slicing) by defining methods with special names. For instance, if a class defines a method named getitem (), and x is an instance of this class, then x[i] is equivalent to x. getitem (i). (The re-verse is not true — if x i...
init (self[, args...]) Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an init () method the derived class’s init () method must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization of the base class part of the instance, e.g., ‘BaseClass. init (self, [args...])’. del (self)...
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This section contains a Python reference documentation. Python Reference Built-in Functions String Methods List Methods Dictionary Methods Tuple Methods Set Methods File Methods Keywords Exceptions Glossary
2 days ago · Start here: a tour of Python's syntax and features. Library reference. Standard library and builtins. Language reference. Syntax and language elements. Python setup and usage. How to install, configure, and use Python. Python HOWTOs. In-depth topic manuals.
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Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with dynamic semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for rapid applica-tion development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing components together.
