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Feb 19, 2024 · The History of Cartography. The art and science of cartography, or map-making, is as ancient as civilization itself. From etchings on cave walls to digital maps on smartphones, the journey of cartography is a fascinating reflection of human ingenuity and our desire to understand and navigate our world.
The history of cartography refers to the development and consequences of cartography, or mapmaking technology, throughout human history. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. When and how the earliest maps were made is unclear, but maps of ...
Oct 4, 2024 · Cartography is an ancient discipline that dates from the prehistoric depiction of hunting and fishing territories. The Babylonians mapped the world in a flattened, disk-shaped form, but Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Ptolemy ) established the basis for subsequent efforts in the 2nd century ce with his eight-volume work Geōgraphikē hyphēgēsis ( Guide to Geography ) that showed a spherical Earth .
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Explore the history and culture of maps through six volumes of The History of Cartography, a landmark series that covers the globe and the ages. Download PDFs of each volume and chapter, or search across the content online.
- Overview
- History of cartography
map, graphic representation, drawn to scale and usually on a flat surface, of features—for example, geographical, geological, or geopolitical—of an area of the Earth or of any other celestial body. Globes are maps represented on the surface of a sphere. Cartography is the art and science of making maps and charts.
In order to imply the elements of accurate relationships, and some formal method of projecting the spherical subject to a map plane, further qualifications might be applied to the definition. The tedious and somewhat abstract statements resulting from attempts to formulate precise definitions of maps and charts are more likely to confuse than to clarify. The words map, chart, and plat are used somewhat interchangeably. The connotations of use, however, are distinctive: charts for navigation purposes (nautical and aeronautical), plats (in a property-boundary sense) for land-line references and ownership, and maps for general reference.
Cartography is allied with geography in its concern with the broader aspects of the Earth and its life. In early times cartographic efforts were more artistic than scientific and factual. As man explored and recorded his environment, the quality of his maps and charts improved. These lines of Jonathan Swift were inspired by early maps:
So geographers, in Afric maps,
With savage pictures fill their gaps,
And o’er unhabitable downs
Centuries before the Christian Era, Babylonians drew maps on clay tablets, of which the oldest specimens found so far have been dated about 2300 bce. This is the earliest positive evidence of graphic representations of parts of the Earth; it may be assumed that mapmaking goes back much further and that it began among nonliterate peoples. It is logical to assume that men very early made efforts to communicate with each other regarding their environment by scratching routes, locations, and hazards on the ground and later on bark and skins.
The earliest maps must have been based on personal experience and familiarity with local features. They doubtless showed routes to neighbouring tribes, where water and other necessities might be found, and the locations of enemies and other dangers. Nomadic life stimulated such efforts by recording ways to cross deserts and mountains, the relative locations of summer and winter pastures, and dependable springs, wells, and other information.
Markings on cave walls that are associated with paintings by primitive man have been identified by some archaeologists as attempts to show the game trails of the animals depicted, though there is no general agreement on this. Similarly, networks of lines scratched on certain bone tablets could possibly represent hunting trails, but there is definitely no conclusive evidence that the tablets are indeed maps.
Many nonliterate peoples, however, are skilled in depicting essential features of their localities and travels. During Capt. Charles Wilkes’s exploration of the South Seas in the 1840s, a friendly islander drew a good sketch of the whole Tuamotu Archipelago on the deck of the captain’s bridge. In North America the Pawnee Indians were reputed to have used star charts painted on elk skin to guide them on night marches across the plains. Montezuma is said to have given Cortés a map of the whole Mexican Gulf area painted on cloth, while Pedro de Gamboa reported that the Incas used sketch maps and cut some in stone to show relief features. Many specimens of early Eskimo sketch maps on skin, wood, and bone have been found.
Jan 29, 2011 · Today is the transfer of cartography and GIS software applications to mobile devices, but tomorrow is still a big question mark. No doubt, though, that computer technology was the new big revolution in the history of cartography and the start of a new era in the art and science of map making. Related Articles on Mapmaking:
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Chapter 1: The Map and the Development of the History of Cartography. J. B. Harley. PART ONE: Cartography in Prehistoric Europe and the Mediterranean. Chapter 2: Prehistoric Maps and the History of Cartography: An Introduction. Catherine Delano Smith. Chapter 3: The Origins of Cartography. G. Malcolm Lewis.
