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Feb 19, 2024 · An important but lesser-known boost for nuclear power comes through the phenomenon known as the “uprating” of existing plants. Uprating generally involves physically modifying a plant to increase its generating capacity. 1 Since 1977, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has approved 144 power uprates with at least one in every state with operational reactors.
Feb 19, 2024 · These uprates, approved by the NRC, have boosted capacity by 24,080 MWt or 8030 MWe, equivalent to over 7 new plant units. Most uprates range from 0-5%. The post What is nuclear power uprating and why is it important? appeared first on Visualizing Energy.
- 1 Increasing Thermal Rating
- High Temperature Conductors
- Meteorological Studies
- Conductor Annealing
- Conductor Permanent Elongation
- Increasing Conductor Tension
- Structure Extensions
- Insulator Crossarms Or Insulator Modifications
- Line Tension and Sag Monitors
- Conductor Temperature Sensing
The practicality of increasing the thermal rating of an overhead lines is a function of a number of variables; 1. the terrain – overhead lines in hilly and mountainous terrain, where structure location is dictated by terrain rather than load, may have many structures that are not structurally loaded to design limits; 2. the meteorological condition...
Cigré TB 244 illustrates how an overhead line rating increases as a function of design temp for a same size conductor and there is a range of conductors that have been developed for higher than traditional temperature operation and some of these conductors are: 1. aluminium-zirconium alloy conductors - TAL, ZTAL, XTAL; 2. aluminium-zirconium alloy ...
The traditional means for establishing thermal conductor ratings has been to perform the determination based a commonly used set of weather parameters deemed to be conservative for most situations. Cigré TB 299 (2006) suggests effective wind speed of 0.6 m.s−1, 40 ° C ambient temperature and solar radiation of 1000 w.m−1. Too often, less conservati...
The design maximum operating temperature of a conductor is partly a function of the acceptable level of permanent loss of tensile strength or annealing of the conductor. Annealing is caused by the heating of a material generally followed by a cooling period. During the annealing process, the material experiences a change in its microstructure and f...
Conductor permanent elongation is non-recoverable for inelastic material deformation that is a logarithmic function of conductor stress, conductor temperature and exposure duration. Permanent elongation begins at the instant of applied axial tensile load and continues at a decreasing rate providing tension and temperature remain constant. Permanent...
Increasing conductor tension is one of the most common forms of increasing the rating of an overhead line. One of the most significant considerations in increasing conductor tension is the increased likelihood of aeolian vibration and associated increase in probability of longer term conductor permanent damage and even failure by metal fatigue. Not...
General experience indicates that given the magnitude of the required structural works it is not economical to increase the heights of all structures in an overhead line. Nevertheless it has been found that in many cases an increase in maximum operating temperature may be achieved by selectively increasing the height of approximately 10?% of the st...
Similar to increasing conductor tension, the replacement of existing insulators with some form of insulating crossarm or modifying the existing insulator arrangement are some of the most common and cost effective means of increasing the rating of an overhead line. The relative conductor attachment level is raised permitting the conductor sag to inc...
The tension or sag monitors are mounted on selected tension structures along the overhead line. At each location, the conductor’s mechanical tension or sag is measured by a tension sensor or sag sensor. When using a tension monitor, conductor tension is measured by an electronic load cell and communicated to the utilities’ control room where an alg...
Cigré TB 498 provides a complete guide to the application of direct real time monitoring systems applicable to overhead line which includes temperature sensing.
3 days ago · The case is significant for several reasons, setting important legal, financial and cultural precedents. It establishes that in this case, the Crown owed enforceable fiduciary duties to the Māori ...
1 day ago · Why was the Electoral College created? The Electoral College is written into the Constitution, under Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, though the term "electoral college" itself does not appear in the document. The Founding Fathers were wary of the direct election of the president by popular vote of the citizens, in part, because our nation had ...
Oct 7, 2024 · To calculate SEER ratings, manufacturers divide a system’s cooling output during a typical cooling season by the energy it used. The higher the rating, the more efficient the system can be. Cooling systems can fall into three categories based on SEER: · Baseline, or entry-level, efficiency: 13-16 SEER. · Mid-efficiency: 16-18 SEER.
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Jun 4, 2005 · In recent work by Pterra Consulting, we had an opportunity to include voltage uprating amongst the planning options. The work involved planning for long-term development of an urban, congested area, where new right-of-way was difficult, if not, impossible to obtain. The load growth required doubling capacity on several 115 kV lines.
