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The use of a catalyst permits alternate routes for cracking reactions, usually by lowering the free energy of activation for the reaction. The acid catalysts first used in catalytic cracking were amorphous solids composed of approximately 87% silica (SiO 2) and 13% alumina (Al 2 O 3) and were designated low-alumina catalysts. However, this type ...
- Fluid Catalytic Cracking
The catalytic results indicate that the ITH-type zeolite is...
- Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Fluid catalytic cracking. A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products. [1][2 ...
Typical modern catalytic cracking reactors operate at 480–550 °C (900–1,020 °F) and at relatively low pressures of 0.7 to 1.4 bars (70 to 140 KPa), or 10 to 20 psi. At first natural silica-alumina clays were used as catalysts, but by the mid-1970s zeolitic and molecular sieve-based catalysts became common.
Chemistry of Catalytic Cracking. As opposed to thermal cracking governed by free radicals, catalytic cracking proceeds through the formation of ionic species on catalyst surfaces, and produces shorter, but branched-chain (not straight-chain) alkanes by cracking the long straight-chain alkanes. The formation of branched-chain alkanes, or iso ...
Jan 23, 2023 · Introduction. Cracking is the name given to breaking up large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and more useful bits. This is achieved by using high pressures and temperatures without a catalyst, or lower temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst. The source of the large hydrocarbon molecules is often the naphtha fraction or the ...
The catalytic results indicate that the ITH-type zeolite is a good candidate to be a shape-selective FCC additive for enhancing propylene and butylene selectivities. 245 Also, in line with the aspiration to make each process more sustainable and re-use each material, the spent FCC catalysts were investigated for various purposes, including as a source of chemicals to synthesize zeolites as ...
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Jan 1, 2015 · They commercialized the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in 3 years, starting in 1939 and culminating in 1942 with the start-up of PCLA#1 at their Baton Rouge, Louisiana refinery. The inherent superiority of the fluid process to transfer both heat and catalyst ultimately made it the catalytic cracking process of choice.
