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1964
- The same year, Bruner and Miller founded the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies, which institutionalized the revolution and launched the field of cognitive science. Formal recognition of the field involved the establishment of research institutions such as George Mandler 's Center for Human Information Processing in 1964.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology
In the mid-20th century, four main influences arose that would inspire and shape cognitive psychology as a formal school of thought: With the development of new warfare technology during WWII , the need for a greater understanding of human performance came to prominence.
In the 20th century, main influences arose that would inspire and shape cognitive psychology as a formal school of thought. This historical timeline gives a complete view: HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Further, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) was one of the first to critique and synthesize rationalism and empiricism. His work predated (by about 100 years!) the more formal establishment of psychology as a field that is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt and William James (discussed in subsequent sections).
- The Structuralist School of Psychology
- The Functionalist School of Psychology
- The Gestalt School of Psychology
- The Behaviorist School of Psychology
- The Psychoanalytic School of Psychology
- The Humanistic School of Psychology
- The Cognitive School of Psychology
- Biological Psychology
- Takeaways
Structuralismis widely regarded as the first school of thought in psychology. This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components. Major thinkers associated with structuralism include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. The introspective experimental technique used by the structuralists involved having trained obse...
Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. It functioned on the mind's functions and adaptations. In a functionalist approach, for example, instead of trying to understand the underlying processes that cause mental states, the focus would be on u...
Gestalt psychologywas a school of psychology based upon the idea that people experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Some thinkers associated with the Gestalt school of thought included Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang ...
Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner. Examples of behavioral theories that emerged during this time include: 1. Classical conditioning: This is a type of learning that involves associating a previously neutral stimulus with a s...
Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Other major psychoanalytic thinkers included Anna Freud and Otto Rank and neo-Freudians such as Erik Erikson, Alfred Adler, and Karen Horney. Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three...
Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. The development of this school of thought in psychology was heavily influenced by the work of humanist thinkers such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Clark Moustakas. Humanistic psychology instead focused on topics such as: 1. Becoming afully functioning person: A p...
Cognitive psychologyis the school of psychology that studies mental processes, including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines such as neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. Cognitive psychology emerged during the 1950s, partly ...
Biological psychology, also known as biopsychology or behavioral neuroscience, is a school of thought that focuses on how biological factors influence mental processes and human behavior. Topics of interest in this school of thought include genetics, brain structure, hormones, and neurotransmitters. This school of thought takes an interdisciplinary...
While some schools of thought have faded into obscurity, each has had an influence on the course of psychology's development. Some more recent schools of psychology, including behaviorism and cognitive psychology, remain highly influential. Today, many psychologists do not align themselves solely with a single school of thought. Instead, they may t...
Jul 8, 2024 · Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th century as another school of thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and unconscious mind .
In the 1950s, interest turned to attention, memory, pattern recognition, images, semantic organization, language processes, thinking, and even consciousness (the most dogmatically eschewed concept), as well as other cognitive topics once considered outside the boundary of experimental psychology.
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Apr 10, 2022 · Skinner's school of thought, although inspired by Watson, takes a very different approach to the study of unobservable mental events. Skinner proposed that the distinction between "mind" and "body" brought with it irreconcilable philosophical baggage.
