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Aug 9, 2023 · This series on phonological processes will be broken up into three sections: syllable structure, substitution, and assimilation. This article will focus on the substitutions. What are phonological processes? Phonological processes are patterns that children use to simplify their speech. **Substitutions Phonological Processes: **
Mar 15, 2023 · Here are some common phonological processes that occur in children’s language development, along with brief explanations and the ages they typically resolve. Phonological Processes fall under three categories: syllable structure, substitution, and assimilation (downloadable chart below).
- Phonological processes are patterns that young children use to simplify adult speech. Many children use these processes while their speech and lang...
- Vowelization is the substitution of a vowel sound for a liquid (l, r) sound (e.g. “bay-uh” for “bear”). Vowelization typically resolves by the age...
- Prevocalic Voicing is when a voiceless consonant (e.g. k, f) in the beginning of a word is substituted with a voiced consonant (e.g. g, v) (e.g. “g...
- What Is A Phonological Disorder?
- How Is A Phonological Disorder Diagnosed?
- What Are The Types of Phonological Processes?
- Syllable Structure Processes
- Substitution Processes
- Assimilatory Processes
- References
Phonological errors are patterns of sound errors that are rule-based and impact more than one sound. A phonological disorder falls under the umbrella of a ‘speech sound disorder’. A child who has a phonological disorder may consistently exhibit phonological processes in his speech, such as fronting, cluster reduction, stopping, or final consonant d...
It is within the scope of a speech-language pathologist to diagnose a phonological disorder. Often, clinical judgment, along with an assessment, is used. Assessments may be informal or formal. Many standardized assessments are able to provide severity rankings, as well as the overall percentage that a phonological process is exhibited by a student....
Phonological processescan be categorized as: 1. syllable structure processes 2. substitution processes 3. assimilatory processes Syllable structure processesinvolve changes made to the syllable structure. Cluster reduction (i.e. “mile” for “smile”), reduplication (i.e. “wawa” for “water”) , weak syllable deletion (“nana” for “banana”), and final co...
Cluster Reduction
Consonant cluster reduction occurs when a consonant is deleted from a cluster. Often, cluster reduction occurs on l blends, s blends, and r blends. Examples might include “pane” for “plane” or “mile” for “smile”. *When s, l, or r are missing from the cluster, it is called ‘marked cluster reduction’. Click here for cluster reduction minimal pairs.
Reduplication
Reduplicationoccurs when the first syllable of a word is repeated. An example of this might be saying ‘wawa’ for ‘water’. Typically, this process is extinguished by the age of 2 1/2.
Weak Syllable Deletion
Syllable deletion occurs when a syllable is omitted. Weak syllable deletion specifically involves the omission of an unstressed syllable. An example could include saying ‘nana’ for ‘banana’. SLPs will often target marking all syllables in multisyllabic words. Here is an activity that targets syllable deletionfor use in speech therapy.
Consonant Cluster Substitution
This process occurs when one consonant sound in a cluster is substituted for another sound. Examples might include ‘stwing’ for ‘string’, or ‘gween’ for ‘green’. These examples could also be classified as gliding.
Velar Fronting
Velar fronting occurs when a sound made in the “back”, a velar sound (such as k, g, or ng) is replaced with a sound made in the “front” of the mouth, like an alveolar sound. Examples might include “doe” for “go” or “tall” for “call”. Try using these fronting minimal pairsin speech therapy.
Palatal Fronting
Palatal frontingoccurs when a sound made in the back (a palatal sound, ‘sh’) occurs in the front (an alveolar sound, like ‘s’). The tongue should be touching the roof of the mouth, or the palatal area, to make the “sh” sound, but instead touches near the alveolar ridge. Examples might include saying “so” for “show” or “fis” for “fish”.
Labial Assimilation
The phonological process of labial assimilation occurs when a labial sound is changed into a non-labial sound. The non-labial sound is a neighboring sound in the word, and is “influenced” by the labial sound. Labial sounds may include bilabials (p,b,m) and labiodentals (f,v). An example would be “fwim” for “swim”.
Velar Assimilation
Velar assimilation is a phonological process that occurs when a nonvelar sound is influenced, and changed, by a neighboring velar sound. Velar sounds include k, g, and ng. An example of velar assimilation might be saying “kack” for “tack”. The velar /k/ influences the lingua- alveolar sound /t/ in this example.
Nasal Assimilation
Nasal assimilation is a phonological process that occurs when a non-nasal sound is influenced, and changed, by a neighboring nasal sound (m, n, j). For example, saying ‘money’ for ‘funny’ or ‘bunny’.
Bauman-Waengler, J. A. (2012). Articulatory and phonological impairments. New York, NY: Pearson Higher Education. Pena-Brooks, Adriana (2007). Articulation and Phonological Disorders: Assessment and Treatment Manual. Austin, Texas: Pro-Ed Inc. “Selected Phonological Processes.” Selected Phonological Processes, American Speech-Language-Hearing Assoc...
Phonological processes are patterns of sound replacements that children use to simplify their speech. When a child is young, he hears the speech sounds of the language used around him, but he can't yet produce all of them.
- When a child is young, he hears the speech sounds of the language used around him, but he can’t yet produce all of them. Children don’t sound like...
- Yes! All children use some phonological processes when they are younger. This a very normal part of learning to speak. Here are some example of nor...
- When children do not grow out of using phonological processes or are using them longer than is expected, they are considered to be a problem. Most...
- As I mentioned before, all children use some phonological processes in their speech. These are considered natural or normal phonological processes....
- If a child is having trouble with phonological processes in that he is using normal ones beyond when he should or is using atypical processes, we c...
- You can download your own guide to teaching a child a whole class of sounds:Reference:Paul, R. (2007). Language disorders from infancy through adol...
Substitution One sound is substituted for another sound in a systematic way. Process Description Example Likely Age of Elimination** Fronting: sound made in the back of the mouth (velar) is replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth (e.g., alveolar) tar for car; date for gate. 4: Stopping: fricative and/or affricate is replaced with a ...
ProcessDescriptionExampleLikely Age Of Elimination**Velar Assimilationnon-velar sound changes to a velar sound ...kack for tack; guck for duck3Nasal Assimilationnon-nasal sound changes to a nasal sound ...money for funny; nunny for bunny3Frontingsound made in the back of the mouth ...tar for car; date for gate4Stoppingfricative and/or affricate is replaced ...pun for fun; tee for see doo for zoo;/f, s/ — 3 /z, v/ — 4 sh, ch, j, th — ...Substitution Processes: replacing one class of sounds for another class of sounds. Gliding – the substitution of a liquid sound (typically letter “l” or “r”) with a glide sound (letters “w” “y” or “j”) Examples. “rail” may be pronounced “wail” “play” may be pronounced “pway” “yellow” may be pronounced “yeyyo” Usually outgrown by age five.
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What are the three types of phonological processes?
What phonological processes occur in children's language development?
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Which phonological activity targets the phonologic process of stopping?
Phonological processes are systematic modifications of speech sounds. Children use these processes to make pronunciation easier. These modifications fall into three main categories: Substitution Processes: Replacing one class of sounds with another, like saying “tat” for “cat.”
