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- Although the Depression put an end to many of the educational advances of the 1920s, it also inspired change and reform. As budgets were cut, schools were given more control over how their money could be spent. The curriculum was reformed, and textbooks and testing were standardized.
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The promise of public education was that it would create knowledgeable citizens. But what knowledgeable citizens actually need to know has always been open for debate. For many in the 1930s, success in education meant going to college, and in theory this was possible for anyone with the ability.
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Although the Depression began in the fall of 1929, its ominous cloud did not overshadow schools until the fall of 1932 when many citizens facing unemployment or reduced incomes could no longer pay their property taxes. Retrenchment became the buzzword for budget cutbacks, resulting in reductions in the hours schools operated, increased class sizes,...
The Great Depression became a time of crisis in public education in the United States. Because of thelack of employment opportunities, more youth were likely to stay in school longer. School attendance, however, would actually decline through the 1930s due to budget crises of local school districts. The rise of unemployment and cuts in pay meant le...
The U.S. Constitution does not provide for federal funding of public schools. In fact, in the eighteenth century no public general education existed. Such matters as education and health would be left to the states. It was not until the economic crisis of the Great Depression that the federal government, through New Deal programs, would enter the s...
Business Community and Educators
Following a decade in which businessmen played a strong role in running school districts, the economic strife of the 1930s led to major change. By 1932 economically strapped businessmen changed direction. Instead of lobbying for higher taxes as they had before they became hostile to using tax money for funding schools, they now wanted to lower their own taxes because of the economic hard times. They also demanded that the loans to school districts be paid back. The interaction between busines...
Militant Teachers
Teachers who had long desired greater control and advocated professionalization of their endeavors became more militant in the 1930s. They saw the dayto-day miserable situations that children were living under. Many school children were suffering from malnutrition. Teachers helped individually when they could on their limited incomes. They paid for school lunches for hungry kids or collected clothing for those students in need. Detroit teachers contributed $30,000 to a general relief fund. Te...
Educational Progressives Versus Educational Conservatives
Progressives, organized and becoming a force by 1919, were interested in creating a better society through child center education. Teaching by rote memorization was out of favor. Progressives believed that allowing a child to be creative would better prepare him or her to solve problems and meet challenges as an adult. In progressive education the teacher was conceived as a friendly guide. Progressive ideas translated in the 1920s into hands-on learning in science laboratories, art studios, g...
Trends in Education
As the 1930s came to a close, the decade of scarcity altered the development of American public schools in the years to come. The Depression did not reflect trends in education that began in the 1920s. The percentage of children and teenagers aged five to seventeen attending school increased from 83.2 percent in 1920 to 94.2 percent in 1940. During World War II, the numbers dropped a bit because youth left school to work or go into the armed services. After the war, however, the rise resumed...
Black Students
Ironically, the Depression in some ways improved the situation of black education. Some northern schools began to abolish segregated education as a cost-saving measure in the 1930s. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) won a series of Supreme Court challenges to segregation in the 1930s and 1940s. Yet the South resisted desegregation. In 1954 the NAACP mounted another legal challenge to segregation and won in Brown v. Board of Educationwhich declared that any...
Progressive Education
Reform spawned by the progressive education movement began appearing in schools in the 1920s. The child centered, "learn by doing" approaches included science laboratories, vocational classes including shops and home economics, physical education, and art projects. After a temporary setback in the first half of the 1930s due to perceptions that these classes were unnecessary expensive "frills," progressive education expanded from primary grades to high schools. The education provided in New D...
Charles Austin Beard (1874–1948). In the 1930s Charles Austin Beard was counted with John Dewey and George Counts as one of the foremost examples of U.S. teachers as political and social reformers. Beard grew up on a prosperous Indiana farm and graduated from DePauw University in 1898. During his undergraduate years, Beard spent a summer in Chicago...
"He must attend some kind of school."
The following excerpt is from a 1935 pamphlet by Kingsley Davis, entitled "Youth in the Depression," funded by the American Council on Education. First Davis describes how few students in the early 1930s made it through high school. He then relates in practical terms what the Depression was doing to youth and how it affected their schooling and job possibilities (quoted in Davis, Youth in the Depression,pp. 8–12):
Evaluate the public education available to black American students between 1900 and 1939. Narrow the study to a specific geographic area or compare and contrast urban versus rural schools.Imagine, before you are allowed to teach, you must swear a loyalty oath that forbids you to teach certain ideas. Discuss the pros and cons of such a test. Are there any basic American principles th...Explore reasons why high school attendance increased during the 1930s Depression decade.Research public school funding at the beginning of the twenty-first century. How have state governments attempted to deal with inequity of funding between districts? Explore property tax funding ve...Sources
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935.Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Bondi, Victor, ed. American Decades: 1930–39.Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1995. Clark, Burton R. The Distinctive College: Antioch, Reed & Swarthmore.Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1970. Davis, Kingsley. Youth in the Depression.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1935. Dennis, Lawrence J. George S. Counts and Charles A. Beard: Collaborators for Change. Albany...
Further Reading
Altenbaugh, Richard J. Education for Struggle: The American Labor Colleges of the 1920s and 1930s.Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1990. American Federation of Teaching, available from the World Wide Web at http://www.aft.org. Davis, Maxine. The Lost Generation: A Portrait of American Youth Today.New York: The Macmillan Company, 1936. Dennis, Lawrence J., and William E. Eaton, eds. George S. Counts: Educator for a New Age.Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1980. Iversen...
American education was racially segregated in the 1930s precisely because of the white presumption that blacks were inherently incapable of learning at an advanced level.
Dec 9, 2015 · The number of students being educated was steadily growing in the first part of the twentieth century, but the Great Depression presented many challenges for students, teachers, and schools.
- Lydia Koning
Jul 15, 2013 · Education was promoted as an inherently valuable possession required in contemporary civilization. Secondly, the revamped school system was designed to produce a modern Québec society by ensuring economic competitiveness.
They focused on skills, education through experience, and the arts. Where professional educators tended to favor classroom learning, New Dealers exposed students to theater, film, art exhibitions, and writing workshops. Roosevelt distrusted his education commissioner, John Studebaker (1887–1989).
Jul 11, 2013 · The Great Depression of the early 1930s was a worldwide social and economic shock. Few countries were affected as severely as Canada. Millions of Canadians were left unemployed, hungry and often homeless.
